Debate has developed among several authors about possible accelerated maturation of black fetuses in comparison with whites. In Guadeloupe, French West Indies, where 85% of the population is of black African-American origin, it has been noted that the incidence of hyaline membrane disease (HMD) represents a significant drop beginning after the 32nd week of gestation. Over a 3-year period, 419 black low-birthweight singleton newborns were admitted in the University Hospital's Neonatal Department covering 70% of all births of the island. The incidence of HMD was 50% among very low birthweight (< 1500 g) and 8.3% among moderate low birthweight (> or = 1500 g; P < 0.001). The incidence of HMD was 48.8% among the very preterm (< 32 weeks) and 7.8% (26/331) among the moderate preterm (> or = 32 weeks; P < 0.001). These differences were similar for appropriate for gestational age and small for gestational age infants. Significant differences remained after controlling for several maternal risk factors. These results suggest that the 32nd week of gestation represents a significant drop in the risk for respiratory distress syndrome in black premature compared with that reported in literature on European infants (34th week) and therefore may implicate different obstetrical decisions in the management of critical pregnancies in this population.