Development of monoclonal antibodies against human CYP11B1 and CYP11B2
Introduction
The adrenal cortex has three anatomically and functional distinct zones. The outer zona glomerulosa (ZG) comprises small cells arranged in clusters that synthesize aldosterone, primarily under the control of the renin-angiotensin system. Interior to the ZG, is the zona fasciculata (ZF) comprised of larger cells in sheaves that synthesize glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol or corticosterone, depending on the species. The zona reticularis is the inner most ring of smaller cells next to the adrenal medulla that synthesize adrenal androgens, including dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione and 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, except in species that do not express adrenal 17α-hydroxylase, including mice and rats (Miller and Auchus, 2011). The initial steps in steroidogenesis are common to all steroids and occur in all zones of the adrenal. These include the facilitated transfer of cholesterol by the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein to the mitochondria, where cholesterol is hydroxylated twice and cleaved by the CYP11A1 (cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme) to generate pregnenolone. Pregnenolone leaves the mitochondria where it is oxidized and isomerized by microsomal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (and probably type 1 in the zona glomerulosa (Doi et al., 2010)) to form progesterone, which is then 21 hydroxylated by the CYP21A2 enzyme to form deoxycorticosterone (DOC). At this point, due to zone-specific enzyme expression, steroid synthesis diverges in the zones of the adrenal cortex. In the ZG, DOC is transferred into the mitochondria where the CYP11B2 enzyme successively hydroxylates it at the 11β-position to form corticosterone, then at the 18-position to generate 18-hydroxycorticosterone, and then again at the 18-position to generate an ephemeral and theoretical germinal diol that spontaneously and rapidly dehydrates to aldosterone (Okamoto et al., 2005, Kojima et al., 1984, Curnow et al., 1991). Because humans express CYP17A1 in the fasciculata pregnenolone is converted into 17α-hydroxypregnenolone which is oxidized to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase followed by 21-hydroxylation by CYP21A2 to 11-deoxycortisol. 11-Deoxycortisol and DOC then enter the mitochondria where they are acted upon by the CYP11B1 enzyme that is specific to the ZF to generate cortisol and corticosterone, specifically. There is no significant further metabolism of cortisol or corticosterone in the zona fasciculata. In species with no adrenal 17α-hydroxylase, corticosterone is the primary glucocorticoid.
Primary aldosteronism is the most common form of secondary hypertension affecting 4–10% of patients with essential hypertension (Funder et al., 2008) and is associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (Funder et al., 2008, Milliez et al., 2005, Reincke et al., 2012). Of the multiple forms of primary aldosteronism, 30–50% are due to an aldosterone-producing adenoma and 50–70% are due to bilateral zona glomerulosa hyperplasia (idiopathic hyperaldosteronism), with 2–5% due to unilateral hyperplasia, adrenal carcinomas or familial forms of hyperaldosteronism (Funder et al., 2008, Young, 2007). The histopathology of adrenals causing hyperaldosteronism, including those with aldosterone-producing adenomas are complex (Neville and O’hare, 1985). Patients with aldosterone-producing adenomas frequently have peritumoral hyperplasia and micro and macronodules, some of which express CYP11B2 enzyme mRNA and protein (Boulkroun et al., 2011, Boulkroun et al., 2010, Nishimoto et al., 2010, Nanba et al., 2013, Volpe et al., 2013).
The adrenal cortex of rats and mice show a clear delineation between expression of CYP11B1 in the ZF and CYP11B2 in the ZG (Mitani et al., 1994, Wotus et al., 1998). CYP11B2 is expressed in a layer of cells 4–10 deep immediately underneath the capsule. The ZF expressing CYP11B1 lies below this ZG and in the rat is separated by a layer of cells that do not express either enzyme which has been called the undifferentiated zone (ZU) or stem cell area (Mitani et al., 1994, Romero et al., 2007). The expression of CYP11B2 and the width of the ZG are dependent on the sodium in the diet (Romero et al., 2007). Studies with human adrenals using in situ hybridization demonstrate that CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 are not expressed in the same cells; however there is not the clearly delineated zonation pattern of expression seen in rats. Some cells expressing CYP11B1 are adjacent to the fibrous adrenal capsule (Pascoe et al., 1995, Enberg et al., 2004, Shigematsu et al., 2008).
The amino acid sequences of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 are 93% homologous, making it difficult to generate specific antibodies to distinguish between these homologous enzymes. A rabbit polyclonal CYP11B2 antibody was described two decades ago (Ogishima et al., 1991), but was not pursued until more recently (Nishimoto et al., 2010) when it was used in conjunction with another polyclonal antibody generated against the homologous sequence of the CYP11B1 (Nishimoto et al., 2010). These antibodies were used to demonstrate that in normal human adrenals CYP11B2 enzyme-expressing cells form two patterns; some are scattered singly beneath the capsule and others are arranged in clusters named ‘aldosterone-producing cell clusters’ (Nishimoto et al., 2010). These antibodies have been used to perform immunohistochemistry in adrenals with aldosterone- and cortisol-producing adenomas (Nishimoto et al., 2010, Nanba et al., 2013, Volpe et al., 2013).
Several years ago, we failed several times to obtain workable rabbit polyclonal antibodies against the human CYP11B2 enzyme using the same sequence originally described by Ogishima et al. (1991) (unpublished). Therefore, as there was significant need for high quality antibodies against these enzymes, we initiated a program to generate monoclonal antibodies using multiple peptide epitopes for human CYP11B1 and CYP11B2. Herein we describe the successful generation of specific human CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 monoclonal antibodies that can be used for both immunohistochemistry and western immunoblot analysis.
Section snippets
Materials
Iscove cell culture media was purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY), Fetal Clone I serum was from Thermo Fisher (Waltham, MA). PEG 1450 was from ATCC (Manassas, VA), human IL6 and IL21 were from Peprotech (peprotech.com).
Design of peptide conjugates for the generation of antibodies specific for the CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 enzymes
Fig. 1 is a comparison of the sequences between the human CYP11B1 and CYP11B2. As the amino acid sequences differ only by 7%, peptides for immunization were designed to comprise those areas where there are amino acid differences. The synthesis of the peptides that
Screening for CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 monoclonal antibodies
A total of 16 different myeloma cell fusions using either mouse or rat spleens generated antibodies that tested positive using ELISA based screening. Subsequent screening using immunoblot analysis demonstrated that four clones produced specific antibodies (two specific for CYP11B2 and two for CYP11B1) (Fig. 2). The two mouse monoclonal antibodies were produced using the CYP11B2-41-thyroglobulin antigen (MPQHPGNRWL RL-C). Antibody specificity for CYP11B2 was demonstrated using ELISA, western
CYP11B2 mouse monoclonal antibody
Until recently a significant obstacle in the study of the human adrenal cortex has been the lack of specific and versatile antibodies against the last and unique enzymes required for the synthesis of cortisol and aldosterone. We have produced mouse monoclonal antibodies against human CYP11B2 that are specific and do not cross-react with the CYP11B1 enzyme. Our previous experience using analogous sequences to obtain monoclonal antibodies against the rat CYP11B2 (Wotus et al., 1998) could not be
Acknowledgments
These studies were supported by grants from the NIH HL27255, HL105383 (CGS), DKR01DK043140 (WER) and Award Number 1018X007080 from the Biomedical Laboratory Research & Development Service of the VA Office of Research and Development (EGS).
References (35)
- et al.
Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.
(2005) - et al.
The undifferentiated cell zone is a stem cell zone in adult rat adrenal cortex
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
(2003) - et al.
A time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for 18-oxocortisol and 18-hydroxycortisol. Development of a monoclonal antibody to 18-oxocortisol
J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.
(2002) - et al.
Aldosterone synthase cytochrome P-450 expressed in the adrenals of patients with primary aldosteronism
J. Biol. Chem.
(1991) - et al.
Molecular identity and gene expression of aldosterone synthase cytochrome P450
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
(2005) - et al.
Effect on aging on plasma renin and aldosterone in normal man
Kidney Int.
(1975) - et al.
Alteration of subcapsular adrenocortical zonation in humans with aging: the progenitor zone predominates over the previously well-developed zona glomerulosa after 40 years of age
J. Histochem. Cytochem.
(2011) - et al.
Adrenal cortex remodeling and functional zona glomerulosa hyperplasia in primary aldosteronism
Hypertension
(2010) - et al.
Aldosterone-producing adenoma formation in the adrenal cortex involves expression of stem/progenitor cell markers
Endocrinology
(2011) - et al.
The product of the CYP11B2 gene is required for aldosterone biosynthesis in the human adrenal cortex
Mol. Endocrinol.
(1991)
A single-step technique for selecting and cloning hybridomas for monoclonal antibody production
Meth. Enzymol.
Salt-sensitive hypertension in circadian clock-deficient cry-null mice involves dysregulated adrenal Hsd3b6
Nat. Med.
Postoperative differentiation between unilateral adrenal adenoma and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia in primary aldosteronism by mRNA expression of the gene CYP11B2
Eur. J. Endocrinol.
Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
Role of steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase and steroid 18-hydroxylase in the biosynthesis of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids in humans
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
Oxygenation of 18-hydroxycorticosterone as the final reaction for aldosterone biosynthesis
Acta Endocrinol.
Physiological partial aldosterone resistance in human newborns
Pediatr. Res.
Cited by (213)
Chronic activation of adrenal Gq signaling induces Cyp11b2 expression in the zona fasciculata and hyperaldosteronism
2024, Molecular and Cellular EndocrinologyAngiotensin II-dependent aldosterone production in the adrenal cortex
2024, Vitamins and Hormones18-Oxocortisol: A journey
2023, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOrigin of circulating 18-oxocortisol in the normal human adrenal
2022, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology2023 Korean Endocrine Society Consensus Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Primary Aldosteronism
2023, Endocrinology and Metabolism