The dynamic approach to neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders: use of fMRI combined with neuropsychology to elucidate the dynamics of psychiatric disorders, exemplified in ADHD and schizophrenia
Section snippets
Is ADHD a pervasive impulsivity disorder?
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is diagnostically defined by hyperactivity, impulsiveness and inattention [1]. From these, impulsiveness has been considered the core symptom of ADHD. This paper presents the view that ADHD is a generalised impulsivity disorder which expresses itself at the motor (hyperactivity), cognitive (impulsive cognitive style and lack of attentional control), emotional (uncontrolled temper) and social (social disinhibition) level. Impulsiveness is thus
Why is functional MRI a suitable tool to investigate the dynamics of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders?
Neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders, as opposed to neurodegenerative disorders, are known to be dynamic and are very likely to be even more dynamic than currently assumed. Psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression, for example, are often triggered by life events, can manifest apparently spontaneously, and often follow a course of spontaneous remission. Only about a third of children with ADHD still meet criteria for ADHD in adulthood and about 30–50% of them grow out of
FMRI as an informant on strategy and compensation
fMRI as a window into the brain in vivo and ‘in action’ can give interesting insights into ‘how’ cognitive tasks are performed, i.e. it can tell about strategies and compensatory mechanisms that are not visible with neuropsychological tools alone. For example, patients with ADHD, schizophrenia and depression, although very different in their behavioural symptoms, all show longer reaction times in cognitive tasks and share similar attentional deficits, for example in the continuous performance,
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