Evidence-based ethics and the care and outcome of extremely premature infants
Section snippets
What is evidence-based ethics and how can it help?
Evidence-based ethics involves the conscientious and judicious use of the best evidence concerning the care and prognosis of the individual patient in making ethical decisions. This definition differs from that of evidence-based medicine [17], [18] only in its restriction to treatment decisions that involve major ethical issues. Like evidence-based medicine, evidence-based ethics de-emphasizes intuition, recall of clinical experience, and reliance on expert opinion as the sole basis for
Is intensive care mandatory except when it is has been demonstrated to be futile?
As generally used, futility is a concept that is either undefined or described only in vague, qualitative terms. Futility is meaningful and unambiguous only when it is defined quantitatively [24], [25]. Even then, as is shown later, it has dubious value for ethical decision-making in neonatology, if any specialty. Because futility is the most commonly cited justification to forego or withdraw intensive care, this issue is discussed in detail.
Defining ethically appropriate categories of care and roles for parents and physicians: a new paradigm
The authors propose that intensive care be designated as unreasonable, investigational, optional, or mandatory in treating specific infants (based on the work of Tyson [102]) (Table 4). Intensive care should be considered unreasonable when the burdens clearly outweigh the benefits (eg, for a 250-g infant born at 20 weeks' gestation with a slow heart rate). For such an infant, the hope of benefit is so low that inflicting trauma and pain in providing intensive care may be considered tantamount
Developing better evidence-based approaches to address ethical problems in treating extremely premature infants
Developing methods to advance the scientific and ethical quality of ethical decisions should be of the highest priority. Such advances might result from the following situations.
Summary
The care of extremely premature infants involves a number of complex clinical and ethical issues. The ethical and scientific quality of decisions made in the care of these infants has profound long-term consequences for these infants and their families. In circumstances when it is unclear whether intensive care should be initiated or continued, evidence-based ethics provides an approach to facilitate treatment decisions that over time will be progressively better informed, better justified, and
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Cited by (66)
Personalized Decision Making: Practical Recommendations for Antenatal Counseling for Fragile Neonates
2017, Clinics in PerinatologyLimit of viability: The Swiss experience
2016, Archives de PediatrieCitation Excerpt :Over the same time period, obstetricians and neonatologists continued to push the limit of viability to lower and lower gestational ages: survival of infants with a gestational age of only 22 0/7 weeks [3] or a birth weight of only 280 g [4] has now been reported. However, this success came at a price and the burden of intensive care imposed on borderline viable infants who ultimately do not survive, and high rates of neurosensory impairment among survivors [5–9] have raised serious ethical questions [10–13]. Consequently, many national medical societies have responded to these concerns with the publication of guidelines to support ethical decision-making in the care of infants born at the limit of viability [14–20].
Below 26 gestational week prematurity: What support?
2015, Journal de Gynecologie Obstetrique et Biologie de la ReproductionOutcomes following periviable birth
2014, Seminars in PerinatologyCitation Excerpt :To use the probabilities in parent counseling and decision making, clinicians will need to judge what probabilities should make intensive care automatic (mandatory), optional, or unreasonable (unwarranted). An investigational category might also be inserted between the optional and unreasonable categories to indicate probabilities for which intensive care should be provided only with explicit parental agreement and whenever feasible only in centers that report neonatal and follow-up findings.44 These judgments may be made as described below.
Care at the edge of viability: Medical and ethical issues
2011, Clinics in PerinatologyCitation Excerpt :Quantitative definitions propose labeling futile interventions as those consistently resulting in treatment failures when provided consecutively to 100 patients.45 Operationalizing this definition in the context of the extremely immature neonate is problematic given limitations in the outcomes evidence and ethical concerns in obtaining this data.36 Defining futility qualitatively attempts to isolate the term futile from judgments related to the value of the intended outcome, which are values inevitably heterogeneous in any society.46
Extremely premature birth bioethical decision-making supported by dialogics and pragmatism
2023, BMC Medical Ethics