Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify disparities in neonatal, post-neonatal, and overall infant mortality rates among infants born late preterm (34–36 weeks gestation) and early term (37–38 weeks gestation) by race/ethnicity, maternal age, and plurality. In analyses of 2003–2005 data from US period linked birth/infant death datasets, we compared infant mortality rates by race/ethnicity, maternal age, and plurality among infants born late preterm or early term and also determined the leading causes of death among these infants. Among infants born late preterm, infants born to American Indian/Alaskan Native, non-Hispanic black, or teenage mothers had the highest infant mortality rates per 1,000 live births (14.85, 9.90, and 11.88 respectively). Among infants born early term, corresponding mortality rates were 5.69, 4.49, and 4.82, respectively. Among infants born late preterm, singletons had a higher infant mortality rate than twins (8.59 vs. 5.62), whereas among infants born early term, the rate was higher among twins (3.67 vs. 3.15). Congenital malformations and sudden infant death syndrome were the leading causes of death among both late preterm and early term infants. Infant mortality rates among infants born late preterm or early term varied substantially by maternal race/ethnicity, maternal age, and plurality. Information about these disparities may help in the development of clinical practice and prevention strategies targeting infants at highest risk.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- LMP:
-
Last menstrual period
- NCHS:
-
National center for health statistics
- SIDS:
-
Sudden infant death syndrome
References
Davidoff, M. J., Dias, T., Damus, K., Russell, R., Bettegowda, V. R., Dolan, S., et al. (1992). Changes in the gestational age distribution among US singleton births: Impact on rates of late preterm birth to 2002. Seminars in Perinatology, 2006(30), 8–15.
Bastek, J. A., Sammel, M. D., Pare, E., Srinivas, S. K., Posencheg, M. A., & Elovitz, M. A. (2008). Adverse neonatal outcomes: examining the risks between preterm, late preterm, and term infants. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 199(367), e1–e8.
Wang, M. L., Dorer, D. J., Fleming, M. P., & Catlin, E. A. (2004). Clinical outcomes of near-term infants. Pediatrics, 114, 372–376.
McIntire, D. D., & Leveno, K. J. (2008). Neonatal mortality and morbidity rates in late preterm births compared with births at term. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 111, 35–41.
Mathews, T. J., & MacDorman, M. F. (2008). Infant mortality statistics from the 2005 period linked birth/infant death data set. National Vital Statistics Reports, 57(2), 1–32.
Tomashek, K. M., Shapiro-Mendoza, C. K., Davidoff, M. J., & Petrini, J. R. (2007). Differences in mortality between late-preterm and term singleton infants in the United States, 1995–2002. Journal of Pediatrics, 151, 450–456.
Shapiro-Mendoza, C. K., Tomashek, K. M., Kotelchuck, M., Barfield, W., Nannini, A., Weiss, J., et al. (2008). Effect of late-preterm birth and maternal medical conditions on newborn morbidity risk. Pediatrics, 121, e223–e232.
Fleischman, A. R., Oinuma, M., & Clark, S. L. (2010). Rethinking the definition of “term pregnancy”. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 116, 136–139.
Bates, E., Rouse, D. J., Mann, M. L., Chapman, V., Carlo, W. A., & Tita, A. T. (2010). Neonatal outcomes after demonstrated fetal lung maturity before 39 weeks of gestation. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 116, 1288–1295.
Reddy, U. M., Ko, C. W., & Willinger, M. (2006). ‘Early’ term births (37–38 weeks) are associated with increased mortality. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 195(6 Suppl 1), S202.
Reddy, U. M., Bettegowda, V. R., Dias, T., Yamada-Kushnir, T., Ko, C. W., & Willinger, M. (2011). Term pregnancy: A period of heterogeneous risk for infant mortality. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 117, 1279–1287.
Sappenfield, W. M., Buehler, J. W., Binkin, N. J., Hogue, C. J., Strauss, L. T., & Smith, J. C. (1987). Differences in neonatal and postneonatal mortality by race, birth weight, and gestational age. Public Health Reports, 102, 182–192.
Phipps, M. G., Blume, J. D., & DeMonner, S. M. (2002). Young maternal age associated with increased risk of postneonatal death. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 100, 481–486.
Mathews, T. J., & MacDorman, M. F. (2007). Infant mortality statistics from the 2004 period linked birth/infant death data set. National Vital Statistics Reports, 55(14), 1–32.
Mathews, T. J., & MacDorman, M. F. (2006). Infant mortality statistics from the 2003 period linked birth/infant death data set. National Vital Statistics Reports, 54(16), 1–29.
Kitsantas, P., & Gaffney, K. F. (2010). Racial/ethnic disparities in infant mortality. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 38, 87–94.
Tomashek, K. M., Qin, C., Hsia, J., Iyasu, S., Barfield, W. D., & Flowers, L. M. (2006). Infant mortality trends and differences between American Indian/Alaska Native infants and white infants in the United States, 1989–1991 and 1998–2000. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 2222–2227.
National Center for Health Statistics. Public use data file. 2003–2005 period linked birth/infant death dataset [Internet]. Hyattsville (MD): Centers for disease control and prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services; c2007. [cited 2009 Jan 22]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/Vitalstatsonline.htm.
Qin, C., Dietz, P. M., England, L. J., Martin, J. A., & Callaghan, W. M. (2007). Effects of different data-editing methods on trends in race-specific preterm delivery rates, United States, 1990–2002. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 21(Suppl 2), 41–49.
National Center for Health Statistics. Detailed technical notes to the United States 2005 data-natality [Internet]. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics; 2008. [cited 2009 Jan 22]. Available from: http://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/sci_data/natal/detail/type_txt/natal05/TechAppendix05.pdf.
National Center for Health Statistics. Technical appendix. Vital statistics of the United States, 2004, vol I natality [Internet]. Hyattsville (MD): National center for health statistics; [cited 2009 Jan 22]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/births.htm.
National Center for Health Statistics. Technical appendix. Vital statistics of the United States, 2003, vol I natality [Internet]. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics; [cited 2009 Jan 22]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/TechApp03_1-09.pdf.
Heron, M. (2007). Deaths: leading causes for 2004. National Vital Statistics Reports, 56(5), 1–95.
Luke, B., & Brown, M. B. (2006). The changing risk of infant mortality by gestation, plurality, and race: 1989–1991 versus 1999–2001. Pediatrics, 118, 2488–2497.
Luke, B., & Brown, M. B. (2007). The effect of plurality and gestation on the prevention or postponement of infant mortality: 1989–1991 versus 1999–2001. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 10, 514–520.
Raju, T. N. (2006). Epidemiology of late preterm (near-term) births. Clinics in Perinatology, 33, 751–763.
Lee, Y. M., Cleary-Goldman, J., & D’Alton, M. E. (2006). The impact of multiple gestations on late preterm (near-term) births. Clinics in Perinatology, 33, 777–792.
Ananth, C. V., Joseph, K. S., Oyelese, Y., Demissie, K., & Vintzileos, A. M. (2005). Trends in preterm birth and perinatal mortality among singletons: United States, 1989 through 2000. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 105(5 Pt 1), 1084–1091.
Demissie, K., Rhoads, G. G., Ananth, C. V., Alexander, G. R., Kramer, M. S., Kogan, M. D., et al. (2001). Trends in preterm birth and neonatal mortality among blacks and whites in the United States from 1989 to 1997. American Journal of Epidemiology, 154, 307–315.
Hollier, L. M., Leveno, K. J., Kelly, M. A., MC, D. D., & Cunningham, F. G. (2000). Maternal age and malformations in singleton births. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 96(5 Pt 1), 701–706.
Hansen, J. P. (1986). Older maternal age and pregnancy outcome: A review of the literature. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 41, 726–742.
Ananth, C. V., Gyamfi, C., & Jain, L. (2008). Characterizing risk profiles of infants who are delivered at late preterm gestations: does it matter? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 199, 329–331.
Moon, R. Y. (2011). SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths: expansion of recommendations for a safe infant sleeping environment. Pediatrics, 128, 1030–1039.
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare and have nothing to disclose.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The findings and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
King, J.P., Gazmararian, J.A. & Shapiro-Mendoza, C.K. Disparities in Mortality Rates Among US Infants Born Late Preterm or Early Term, 2003–2005. Matern Child Health J 18, 233–241 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1259-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1259-0