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Measurement of water exchange through skin

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Abstract

A new method for the measurement of the water exchange through the human skin has been developed. The method, based on the estimation of the vapour-pressure gradient immediately adjacent to the surface of the skin, permits the surface investigated to be exposed to normal ambient air during the entire period of measurement. A minimal influence on the humidity and the temperature of the microclimate surrounding the skin is thereby achieved. On the basis of the new method an instrument for measuring small amounts of water evaporated from or absorbed by a surface per unit time and area is described and its accuracy discussed. The instrument, which is intended for use in the temperature range 15–40°C and the atmospheric pressure range 98–104 kPa, has proved to offer a high accuracy and an improved sensitivity in comparison with devices previously employed. It has been used primarily for investigations of the rate of evaporation from the skin surface of newborn infants as well as of thyrotoxic and burned patients. The construction of the instrument, however, makes it well suited for the measurement of evaporation rates in many other fields of application.

Sommaire

Une nouvelle méthode pour mesurer les échanges hydriques à travers la peau a été mise au point. Cette méthode, fondée sur l'estimation du gradient de pression de la vapeur adjacente à la surface de la peau, permet d'exposer cette surface à l'air ambiant normal pendant toute la durée de la mesure. L'humidité et la température du microclimat entourant la peau sont ainsi minimisées. Sur la base de cette nouvelle méthode, un instrument pour mesurer de petites quantité d'eau s'evaporant d'une surface ou absorbées par elle, calculées par unités de temps et de surface, a été mis au point et sa précision est examinées. Cet instrument, qui est destiné à être utilisé dans une gamme de températures allant de 15 à 40°C. et pour des valeurs de la pression atmosphérique comprises entre 98 et 104 kPa, s'est révélé offrir une mesure de haute précision et une sensibilité améliorée par comparaison avec les systèmes prélablement employés. Il a tout d'abord servi aux recherchest portant sur le taux d'évaporation à la surface de la peau des nouveaux-nés, de malades présentant des troubles de la thyroide et de brûlés. La construction de l'instrument le rend néanmoins particulièrement bien adapté pour mesurer les taux d'évaporation dans de nombreux autres domaines d'application.

Zusammenfassung

Es wurde eine neue Methode zur Messung des Wasseraustausches durch die mensch liche Haut entwickelt. Die auf der Schätzung des Dampfdruckgradienten in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft der Hautoberfläche beruhende Methode gestattet es, die zu untersuchende Oberfläche der normalen Umgebungsluft während der gesamten Meßperiode auszusetzen. Dadurch wird ein minimaler Einfluß auf die Feuchtigkeit und Temperatur des die Haut umgebenden Mikroklimas erzielt. Auf der Grundlage des neuen Verfahrens wird ein Instrument zur Messung kleiner Mengen von Wasser beschrieben, das von einer Oberfläche pro Zeit- und Flächeneinheit absorbiert oder verdampft wird, und seine Genauigkeit wird besprochen. Das für Verwendung im Temperatur-bereich von 15–40°C und im Luftdruckbereich von 98–104 kPa bestimmte Gerätzeigte im Vergleich mit vorher verwendeten Geräten eine hohe Genauigkeit und verbesserte Empfindlichkeit. Es wurde vor allem fur die Untersuchung der Verdampfungsrate von der Hautoberfläche Neugeborener wie auch thyrotoxischer und Bunddwunden-Patienten verwendet. Der Bau des Instrumentes macht es aber auch für die Messung von Verdampfungsraten bei vielen anderen Anwendungen sehr gut geeignet.

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Abbreviations

D :

diffusion coefficient for the water-vapour-air mixture at a temperature of 300 K and an atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa (D=0·929×10−1m2/h)

M :

‘molecular weight’ of water molecule (M=18)

N :

number of measurements

p :

vapour pressure, Pa

\(\frac{{\partial p}}{{\partial x}}\) :

vapour-pressure gradiant, Pa/m

P atm :

atmospheric pressure, Pa

Pin,Pout:

vapour pressure of in-and outflowing gas, respectively, Pa

P sat :

saturated vapour pressure, Pa

R :

gas constant (R=8·314J/mol K)

rh :

relative humidity, %

T :

temperature, K

water exchange:

amount of water evaporated from or absorbed by a surface per unit time and area, g/m2h

Wbefore,Wafter:

weight of hygroscopic salt before and after period of measurement, respectively, g

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Nilsson, G.E. Measurement of water exchange through skin. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 15, 209–218 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02441040

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