Milk curd obstruction (n=20) | Controls (n=40) | P value | |
Mother’s ethnicity | 0.59 | ||
Māori | 2 (10) | 9 (23) | |
Pacific Island | 3 (15) | 3 (8) | |
Asian | 5 (25) | 9 (23) | |
European | 10 (50) | 19 (48) | |
Maternal age, years | 34 (30–35) | 31 (27–34) | 0.09 |
Maternal weight category at booking* | 0.19 | ||
Underweight | 2 (10) | 0 (0) | |
Normal weight | 7 (35) | 21 (53) | |
Overweight | 7 (35) | 7 (18) | |
Obese | 3 (15) | 6 (15) | |
Morbidly obese | 0 (0) | 2 (5) | |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.14 | ||
Type 1 DM | 0 | 0 | |
Type 2 DM | 0 | 0 | |
Gestational DM | 0 (0) | 7 (18) | |
Fetal growth restriction† | 3 (15) | 1 (3) | 0.10 |
PET/gestational hypertension | 3 (15) | 2 (5) | 0.32 |
Gestation, weeks | 26.1 (24.5–28.1) | 26.1 (24.8–27.9) | 0.89 |
Birth weight, g | 823 (713–961) | 849 (690–1066) | 0.62 |
Birth weight, Z-score, mean (SD) | −0.12 (0.94) | 0.20 (0.64) | 0.12 |
Sex, male | 15 (75) | 18 (45) | 0.05 |
Antenatal steroids‡ | |||
Any steroid | 20 (100) | 38 (95) | 0.80 |
Complete course | 15 (75) | 24 (60) | 0.39 |
Magnesium sulfate complete | 14 (70) | 29 (73) | 1.0 |
Intrapartum intravenous antibiotics | 0.62 | ||
<4 hours prior to delivery | 8 (40) | 11 (28) | |
>4 hours prior to delivery | 10 (50) | 24 (60) | |
Not given | 2 (10) | 5 (12) | |
Caesarean section | 10 (50) | 12 (30) | 0.22 |
Active labour | 11 (55) | 30 (75) | 0.20 |
Apgar score 1 min | 4 (3–6) | 5 (4–6) | 0.12 |
Apgar score 5 min | 7 (6–8) | 8 (6–9) | 0.33 |
Age when MCO occurred, (days) | 21 (15–33) | – | |
CRIB II score§ | 13 (9–14) | 12 (9–14) | 0.84 |
Died | 6 (30.0) | 3 (7.5) | 0.05 |
Data are n (%), median (IQR) or mean (SD).
*Data were not available for one cases and four controls.
†Based on consensus criteria Beune et al 29
‡Complete course of steroids: <7 days and >24 hours prior to delivery.
§CRIB II, Clinical Risk Index for Babies version II (a score based on mortality probabilities for gestation, sex, birth weight, admission temperature and base excess).30
Gestational DM, gestational diabetes mellitus; MCO, milk curd obstruction; PET, pre-eclamptic toxaemia; Type 1 DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; Type 2 DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.