Overview of long-term outcome in relation to Sarnat stage of HIE in all children for whom outcome was known (overlap between diagnoses is possible)
| HIE stage II (n=45) | HIE stage III (n=11) | HIE stage I (n=2) | GA <36 weeks (n=3) | Start of active TH>6 hours postpartum (n=3) | |
| Favourable outcome | 22 (49%) | 1 (9%) | 1 (50%) | – | 1 (33%) |
| Adverse outcome (combined) | 23 (51%) | 10 (91%) | 1 (50%) | 3 (100%) | 2 (67%) |
| Death | 2 (4%) | 6 (55%) | – | 1 (33%) | – |
| CP | 7 (16%) | 2 (18%) | – | 1 (33%) | 1 (33%) |
| Epilepsy | 4 (9%) | 1 (9%) | – | – | 1 (33%) |
| Intellectual disability | 3 (7%) | – | – | – | 1 (33%) |
| BIF | 6 (13%) | – | 1 (50%) | 1 (33%) | 1 (33%) |
| Profound hearing impairment | – | 1 (9%) | – | – | – |
| CVI or other significant visual impairment | 2 (4%) | 1 (9%) | – | – | – |
| ADD/ADHD | |||||
| Confirmed | 3 (7%) | 1 (9%) | – | – | – |
| Suspected | 6 (13%) | – | 1 (50%) | – | – |
| ASD | 2 (4%) | – | – | – | – |
| DCD | 4 (9%) | 1 (9%) | – | – | – |
| Dyslexia | 2 (4%) | 1 (9%) | – | – | – |
| Need for special educational support | 7 (16%) | 2 (18%) | – | – | 1 (33%) |
Among children with a history of Sarnat stage II HIE, two (of whom one was born late preterm) were lost to follow-up early due to relocating abroad. One child still residing in Sweden did not participate on either occasion. Two children with a history of Sarnat stage II HIE and favourable outcome at 6–8 years did not participate in the assessments at 10–12 years of age. Outcome was known for all children with a history of Sarnat stage III HIE. Outcomes among children treated outside of the protocol (Sarnat stage I HIE, GA<36 weeks, delayed initiation of active TH) are also presented separately. Two of the children with a history of Sarnat stage I HIE were lost to follow-up early due to relocating abroad. Infants for whom active TH was initiated at >6 hours postpartum had been passively cooled as they were on the borderline between Sarnat stage I and II HIE initially.
ADD/ADHD, attention deficit disorder/attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; BIF, borderline intellectual functioning; CP, cerebral palsy; CVI, cerebral/cortical visual impairment; DCD, developmental coordination disorder; GA, gestational age; HIE, hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy; TH, therapeutic hypothermia.