Neonatal outcomes
| Entire cohort | Matched cohort | |||||||||
| Early PN (n=43 436) | Late PN (n=21 597) | Early PN (n=8147) | Late PN (n=8147) | Treatment effect (95% CI) | P value | |||||
| Missing data | Missing data | Missing data | Missing data | |||||||
| Survival to discharge without morbidities (%) | 46.7 (0.2) | 0 | 65.0 (0.3) | 0 | 59.5 (0.3) | 59.03 (0.36) | 0 | 0.50 (−0.45 to 1.45) | 0.29 | |
| Secondary outcomes: outcomes during admission | ||||||||||
| Survival to discharge | 89.8 (0.1) | 27 (0.06) | 90.7 (0.2) | 47 (0.2) | 92.1 (0.2) | 6 (0.1) | 88.89 (0.2) | 16 (0.19) | −3.25 (2.68 to 3.82) | <0.001 |
| Brain injury on imaging* | 5.4 (0.1) | 0 | 3.4 (0.1) | 0 | 3.8 (0.1) | 0 | 4.03 (0.1) | 0 | 0.23 (0.61 to 0.14) | 0.22 |
| BPD† | 42.6 (0.3) | 4241 (9.76) | 23.8 (0.3) | 2025 (9.4) | 29.9 (0.3) | 625 (7.7) | 28.7 (0.3) | 11.05 | 1.24 (0.30 to 2.17) | 0.01 |
| Late-onset sepsis* | 6.6 (0.1) | 0 | 2.7 (0.1) | 0 | 4.1 (0.1) | 0 | 3.2 (0.1) | 0 | 0.84 (0.48 to 1.20) | <0.001 |
| Severe NEC* | 5.4 (0.1) | 0 | 3.5 (0.1) | 0 | 4.3 (0.1) | 0 | 4.1 (0.2) | 0 | 0.18 (−0.21 to 0.57) | 0.34 |
| Any NEC* | 10.9 (0.2) | 0 | 7.0 (0.2) | 0 | 8.7 (0.2) | 0 | 8.2 (0.2) | 0 | 0.47 (−0.07 to 1.01) | 0.08 |
| Major surgery* | 12.5 (0.2) | 0 | 9.9 (0.2) | 0 | 11.4 (0.2) | 0 | 10.6 (0.2) | 0 | 0.80 (0.20 to 1.40) | 0.01 |
| Treatment for ROP* | 5.5 (0.1) | 0 | 2.3 (0.1) | 0 | 3.3 (0.1) | 0 | 2.8 (0.1) | 0 | 0.50 (0.17 to 0.84) | <0.001 |
| Maximum ROP* | 6.6 (0.1) | 0 | 2.3 (0.1) | 0 | 3.3 (0.1) | 0 | 2.8 (0.1) | 0 | 0.49 (0.16 to 0.83) | 0.003 |
| Seizures* | 3.5 (0.1) | 0 | 2.9 (0.1) | 0 | 3.0 (0.1) | 0 | 3.2 (0.1) | 0 | −0.20 (−0.54 to 0.14) | 0.24 |
| Growth‡ | −1.4 (0) | 1089 (2.51) | −1.5 (0.0) | 969 (4.5) | −1.5 (0.0) | 113 (1.4) | −1.5 (0.0) | 114 (1.4) | 0.019 (0.035 to 0.003) | 0.02 |
| Days from birth to death§ | 11 (4–29) | 0 | 4 (2–16) | 0 | 10 (3.5–27) | 0 | 4 (2–17) | 0 | −6 (6 to 6) | <0.001 |
| Secondary outcomes: impairments at 2 years | ||||||||||
| Ability to walk* (%) | 3.0 (0.1) | 0 | 2.3 (0.1) | 0 | 2.8 (0.1) | 0 | 2.5 (0.1) | 0 | 0.27 (−0.04 to 0.58) | 0.08 |
| Vision* (%) | 3.7 (0.1) | 0 | 2.4 (0.1) | 0 | 3.0 (0.1) | 0 | 2.7 (0.1) | 0 | 0.30 (−0.02 to 0.62) | 0.06 |
| Hearing* (%) | 1.4 (0.1) | 0 | 0.9 (0.1) | 0 | 1.2 (0.1) | 0 | 1.1 (0.1) | 0 | 0.13 (−0.08 to 0.34) | 0.21 |
Data are percentages (SE), unless indicated otherwise.
Missing data presented as n (%).
Growth is change in weight z-score between birth and discharge.
*Missing value is regarded as outcome not present.
†If infant died before 36 weeks, BPD status was treated as ‘unknown’; if infant was discharged before 36 weeks, BPD status was treated as negative.
‡Mean (SE).
§Median (IQR).
BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; NEC, necrotising enterocolitis; PN, parenteral nutrition; ROP, retinopathy of prematurity.