Differences between types of malformations in overall neurodevelopmental outcome
| Type of malformation | Number of studies | Cohen’s d (95% CI, p value) on overall neurodevelopmental outcome | Type of malformation versus other types of malformation, Q-values, p values |
| Abdominal wall defects (ie, gastroschisis, omphalocele) | 17 | −0.375 (−0.567 to −0.182, p<0.001) | Q=1.14, p=0.286 |
| Colorectal malformations (ie, Hirschsprung’s disease, anorectal malformations) | 10 | −0.485 (−0.765 to −0.206, p=0.001) | Q=0.024, p=0.877 |
| Oesophageal atresia | 17 | −0.521 (−0.713 to −0.328, p<0.001) | Q=0.433, p=0.506 |
| Intestinal atresia | 5 | −0.251 (−0.585 to −0.082, p=0.140) | Q=1.657, p=0.190 |
| Short bowel syndrome | 6 | −1.000 (−1.324 to −0.675, p<0.001) | Q=11.639, p=0.002 |