Patient characteristics stratified by family presence
| Characteristics (N=2570) | Family absent (n=2328) | Family present (n=242) | P value |
| Patient characteristics | |||
| GA at birth (week, median (IQR)) | 28 (25–34) | 30 (25–37) | 0.009 |
| Age (day, median (IQR)) | 10 (1–45) | 22 (2–70) | 0.0004 |
| Weight at intubation (g, median (IQR)) | 1633 (946–2900) | 2523 (1202–3425) | 0.0001 |
| History of difficult airway, n (%) | 191 (8) | 22 (9) | 0.6 |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | |||
| Sepsis | 152 (7) | 15 (6) | 0.8 |
| Congenital cardiac disease | 148 (6) | 20 (8) | 0.3 |
| Anatomic congenital anomaly requiring surgery | 169 (7) | 21 (9) | 0.4 |
| Airway or craniofacial anomaly | 123 (5) | 16 (7) | 0.4 |
| Neurologic impairment | 166 (7) | 20 (8) | 0.5 |
| Acute respiratory failure | 1414 (61) | 125 (52) | 0.006 |
| Chronic respiratory failure | 535 (23) | 72 (30) | 0.02 |
| Surgery/procedure for acquired disorder | 36 (2) | 7 (3) | 0.1 |
| Initial intubation indication, n (%)*† | |||
| Oxygen failure (eg, Pao2 <60 mm Hg in Fio2 >0.6 in the absence of cyanotic heart disease | 706 (30) | 75 (31) | 0.8 |
| Ventilation failure (eg, Paco2 >50 mm Hg in the absence of chronic lung disease) | 852 (37) | 87 (36) | 0.8 |
| Frequent apnoea and bradycardia | 499 (21) | 29 (12) | 0.001 |
| Upper airway obstruction | 101 (4) | 24 (10) | <0.0001 |
| Procedure | 241 (10) | 26 (11) | 0.9 |
| Unstable haemodynamics (eg, shock, CPR) | 52 (2) | 12 (5) | 0.02 |
| Surfactant administration | 481 (21) | 25 (10) | <0.0001 |
| Reintubation after unplanned extubation | 269 (12) | 40 (17) | 0.02 |
*Each neonate may have more than one indication.
†Additional intubation indications such as therapeutic hyperventilation, airway clearance, neuromuscular weakness, absent protective reflexes and emergency drug administration had minimal numbers.
CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; GA, gestational age.