Categories of impairments among EPICure (1995) and EPICure2 (2006) cohorts of births at 22–25 weeks of gestation in England at 11 years of age
| EPICure 1995 N=176 | EPICure2 2006 N=112 | 2006 vs 1995 | Individual categories | ||||
| Overall * P value | Unadjusted RRR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted* RRR (95% CI) | P value | |||
| Overall impairment | N=288 | N=283 | |||||
| None/mild | 49% (87/176) | 53% (59/112) | 0.85 | – | – | – | – |
| Moderate | 32% (57/176) | 21% (24/112) | 0.62 (0.35 to 1.11) | 0.11 | 0.58 (0.31 to 1.08) | 0.08 | |
| Severe | 18% (32/176) | 26% (29/112) | 1.34 (0.73 to 2.44) | 0.35 | 1.14 (0.57 to 2.27) | 0.71 | |
| Combined moderate/severe | 51% (89/176) | 47% (53/112) | 0.88 (0.55 to 1.41) | 0.59 | 0.76 (0.45 to 1.31) | 0.32 | |
| Motor function | |||||||
| No CP or GMFCS/MACS 1 | 81% (143/176) | 80% (90/112) | 0.96 | – | – | – | – |
| GMFCS/MACS=2 | 8.0% (14/176) | 14% (16/112) | 1.82 (0.85 to 3.90) | 0.13 | 1.65 (0.71 to 3.82) | 0.24 | |
| GMFCS/MACS 3–5 | 11% (19/176) | 5% (6/112) | 0.50 (0.19 to 1.30) | 0.16 | 0.41 (0.14 to 1.16) | 0.09 | |
| Combined moderate/severe | 19% (33/176) | 20% (22/112) | 1.06 (0.58 to 1.93) | 0.85 | 0.93 (0.48 to 1.82) | 0.84 | |
| Cognitive impairment | |||||||
| None (≥−1 SD) | 30% (53/176) | 37% (41/112) | 0.80 | – | – | – | – |
| Mild (<−1 to −2 SD) | 29% (51/176) | 26% (29/112) | 0.74 (0.40 to 1.35) | 0.32 | 0.78 (0.40 to 1.48) | 0.44 | |
| Moderate (<−2 to −3 SD) | 26% (45/176) | 13% (14/112) | 0.40 (0.19 to 0.83) | 0.01 | 0.32 (0.15 to 0.70) | 0.004 | |
| Severe (<−3 SD) | 15% (27/176) | 25% (28/112) | 1.34 (0.69 to 2.61) | 0.39 | 1.16 (0.54 to 2.49) | 0.70 | |
| Combined moderate/severe | 41% (72/176) | 38% (42/112) | 0.87 (0.53 to 1.41) | 0.56 | 0.69 (0.40 to 1.18) | 0.18 | |
| Reading impairment | N=279 | N=276 | |||||
| None (>−1SD) | 48% (82/171) | 56% (60/108) | 0.13 | – | – | – | – |
| Mild (<−1 to −2 SD) | 19% (33/171) | 23% (25/108) | 1.04 (0.56 to 1.92) | 0.91 | 1.01 (0.53 to1.92) | 0.99 | |
| Moderate (<−2 to −3 SD) | 12% (21/171) | 5% (5/108) | 0.33 (0.12 to 0.91) | 0.03 | 0.32 (0.11 to 0.93) | 0.04 | |
| Severe (<−3 SD) | 21% (35/171) | 17% (18/108) | 0.70 (0.36 to 1.36) | 0.29 | 0.62 (0.30 to 1.27) | 0.19 | |
| Combined moderate/severe | 33% (56/171) | 21% (23/108) | 0.56 (0.32 to 0.97) | 0.04 | 0.51 (0.28 to 0.93) | 0.03 | |
| Maths impairment | N=283 | N=278 | |||||
| None (>−1 SD) | 28% (49/173) | 36% (39/110) | 0.13 | – | – | ||
| Mild (<−1 to −2 SD) | 27% (46/173) | 29% (32/110) | 0.87 (0.47 to 1.62) | 0.67 | 0.86 (0.45 to 1.65) | 0.65 | |
| Moderate (<−2 to −3 SD) | 19% (33/173) | 14% (15/110) | 0.57 (0.27 to 1.20) | 0.14 | 0.59 (0.27 to 1.29) | 0.18 | |
| Severe (<−3 SD) | 26% (45/173) | 22% (24/110) | 0.67 (0.35 to 1.28) | 0.23 | 0.57 (0.28 to 1.16) | 0.12 | |
| Combined moderate/severe | 45% (78/173) | 36% (39/110) | 0.67 (0.41 to 1.09) | 0.11 | 0.62 (0.36 to 1.07) | 0.09 | |
*Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
CP, cerebral palsy; GMFCS, Gross Motor Function Classification System; MACS, Manual Abilities Classification System; RRR, relative risk ratio.