List of the brain regions at term-equivalent age that were associated with cognitive and language outcomes at 2 years of age in the moderate–late preterm children (at p<0.05, familywise error rate-corrected)
| Developmental domain | MRI measure | Brain regions (adjusted for postmenstrual age at MRI and sex) | Brain regions (adjusted for postmenstrual age at MRI, sex and intracranial volume) |
| Cognitive | Cortical grey matter volume | Bilateral frontal gyrus, fronto-orbital gyrus, gyrus rectus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, superior parietal lobule, precuneus, cingular gyrus, temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, occipital gyrus, cuneus and lingual gyrus | Right temporal grey matter |
| White matter volume | Corpus callosum; bilateral cingulum, frontal white matter and temporal white matter | Left frontal white matter | |
| Fractional anisotropy | Corpus callosum; bilateral corona radiata, internal capsule, posterior thalamic radiation and superior longitudinal fasciculus | NA | |
| Mean diffusivity | Bilateral corona radiata and internal capsule | NA | |
| Axial diffusivity | – | NA | |
| Radial diffusivity | Corpus callosum; bilateral corona radiata and internal capsule; left posterior thalamic radiation and superior longitudinal fasciculus | NA | |
| Language | Cortical grey matter volume | Bilateral frontal gyrus, fronto-orbital gyrus, gyrus rectus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, superior parietal lobule, precuneus, cingular gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, occipital gyrus, cuneus and lingual gyrus; left insular cortex; right parahippocampal gyrus and entorhinal cortex | Bilateral lingual gyrus; right precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, cingular gyrus, occipital gyrus and cuneus |
| White matter volume | Corpus callosum; bilateral internal capsule, corona radiata, cingulum, stria terminalis, external capsule, posterior thalamic radiation, sagittal stratum, fronto-occipital fasciculus, frontal white matter, parietal white matter, temporal white matter and occipital white matter | Bilateral frontal white matter | |
| Fractional anisotropy | Corpus callosum; bilateral cerebral peduncle, sagittal stratum, posterior thalamic radiation, uncinate fasciculus, internal capsule, corona radiata and superior longitudinal fasciculus; left cerebellar white matter; right fornix/stria terminalis | NA | |
| Mean diffusivity | Corpus callosum; bilateral sagittal stratum, posterior thalamic radiation, internal capsule, corona radiata and superior longitudinal fasciculus | NA | |
| Axial diffusivity | Corpus callosum; bilateral corona radiata; left sagittal stratum and posterior thalamic radiation | NA | |
| Radial diffusivity | Corpus callosum; bilateral sagittal stratum, posterior thalamic radiation, uncinate fasciculus, internal capsule, corona radiata and superior longitudinal fasciculus; right cerebral peduncle | NA |
NA, not applicable because relationships between diffusion tensor values and developmental outcomes were not adjusted for intracranial volume.