bCPAP design variations
| Interface resistance | Dead space | Expiratory tubing resistance | Comment | |
| Sahni and Wung5 | Low | Low | Low | Used in several trials and manuscripts; Fisher & Paykel bCPAP has a similar design |
| Audu et al8 | High | Low | High | Description of modified oxygen cannula (figures 1–3) later used in clinical trial |
| Brown et al31 | Low | High | Low* | Description of the first version of the Pumani CPAP (figure 1) |
| Daga et al9 | High | Low | High | Clinical trial using modified oxygen cannula with seal (figures 1–5) |
| Duke†10 | High | Low | High | Review including modified oxygen cannula (figures 2 and 3). Other designs: original bCPAP (figure 1) and high-resistance interface (RAM type, figure 5). |
| Kawaza et al32 | Low | High | Low* | Clinical trial including Pumani first version, reference to Brown et al |
| Chisti et al†11 | High | Low | High | Randomised trial including modified oxygen cannula, reference to Duke |
| McAdams et al23 | High | Low | Unknown | Case series and description of bCPAP with high-resistance interface (RAM type) (figure 2) |
| Ezenwa et al12 | High | Low | High | Retrospective observational study using modified oxygen cannula (figures 1 and 2) |
| WHO†13 | High | Low | High | Manual including modified oxygen cannula (figures 15 and 16). Other designs: original CPAP (figure 14). |
| Bennett et al33 | High | High | Low* | Description of a bCPAP system with a high-resistance interface (RAM type) and connector tube similar to Brown et al (figure 1) |
| Falk et al30 | Low | Low | High | Description of the second version of the Pumani CPAP (figure 2) |
| Bjorklund et al39 | High | Low | High | Clinical trial using modified oxygen cannula with seal (figure 1) |
| Thaddanee et al14 | High | Unknown | High | Observational trial and description of two modified oxygen cannula systems (figures 1 and 2). |
| Amadi et al15 | High | Low | High | Observational trial and description of modified oxygen cannula systems (figure 1) |
List of manuscripts with descriptions or use of bCPAP systems with design alterations from the original (top row). Dimensions are not always reported in manuscripts and some include several design variations. The figures or photographs refered to in the comment column can be found in the cited manuscripts.
*Data in the manuscript indicate that expiratory tubing resistance was not high.
†Properties refer to only one system in the manuscript. Details are provided in comment column.
bCPAP, bubble continuous positive airway pressure.