Growth, growth velocity, body composition, non-fasting glucose, insulin level and HOMA-IR of premature AGA and SGA infants during follow-up visits (mean±SD for each group)
| AGA (n=33) | SGA (n=18) | Unadjusted P values* | Adjusted P values† | |
| Visit 1 | ||||
| Corrected age (months) | 14.1±1.0 | 13.9±1.0 | 0.31 | 0.50 |
| Weight (kg) | 9.6±1.2 | 8.2±1.2 | <0.001‡ | 0.008‡ |
| Length (cm) | 76.6±3.4 | 73.1±3.0 | <0.001‡ | 0.004‡ |
| BMI z-score | −0.1±1.1 | −0.98±1.4 | 0.02‡ | 0.18 |
| HC (cm) | 46.0±1.6 | 44.8±1.5 | 0.01‡ | 0.04‡ |
| Visit 2 | ||||
| Corrected age (months) | 19.2±1.2 | 19.9±1.4 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
| Weight (kg) | 10.7±1.2 | 9.7±1.4 | 0.02‡ | 0.15 |
| Length (cm) | 82.8±4.6 | 80.0±5.3 | 0.07 | 0.05 |
| BMI z-score | −0.38±1.4 | −0.77±1.4 | 0.38 | 0.71 |
| HC (cm) | 47.1±1.7 | 46.2±1.6 | 0.11 | 0.23 |
| Discharge to visit 1 | ||||
| Days from discharge | 433.2±40.5 | 413.2±45.8 | 0.11 | 0.01‡ |
| Change in weight (g/day) | 15.5±3.6 | 13.5±2.6 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| Change in length (cm/week) | 0.48±0.1 | 0.48±0.1 | 0.86 | 0.49 |
| Change in HC (cm/week) | 0.21±0.04 | 0.20±0.03 | 0.64 | 0.04‡ |
| Visit 1 to visit 2 | ||||
| Days from visit 1 | 152.9±39.5 | 186.3±55.3 | 0.03‡ | 0.03‡ |
| Change in weight (g/day) | 23.2±14.4 | 20.5±14.9 | 0.53 | 0.26 |
| Change in length (cm/week) | 0.28±0.16 | 0.24±0.11 | 0.37 | 0.13 |
| Change in HC (cm/week) | 0.05±0.03 | 0.05±0.02 | 0.78 | 0.65 |
| Change in BMI z-score | −0.21±0.84 | 0.25±1.10 | 0.02‡ | 0.004‡ |
| DXA (whole body scan)§ | ||||
| BMC (g) | 361.6±38.5 | 351.8±44.9 | 0.51 | 0.77 |
| BMD (g/cm2) | 0.46±0.03 | 0.46±0.04 | 0.71 | 0.80 |
| FM (kg) | 3.3±0.7 | 3.1±1.1 | 0.68 | 0.53 |
| FMI (kg/m2) | 4.7±1.1 | 4.8±1.6 | 0.87 | 0.94 |
| LM (kg) | 7.3±0.8 | 6.9±0.6 | 0.14 | 0.74 |
| LMI (kg/m2) | 10.5±1.2 | 10.6±1.2 | 0.91 | 0.16 |
| % Fat | 30±4.8 | 29.8±6.4 | 0.91 | 0.41 |
| Regional trunk FM (kg) | 1.1±0.3 | 1.1±0.5 | 0.73 | 0.39 |
| Regional trunk FMI (kg/m2) | 1.6±0.4 | 1.7±0.6 | 0.97 | 0.74 |
| Regional trunk LM (kg) | 3.4±0.5 | 3.2±0.3 | 0.29 | 0.93 |
| Regional trunk LMI (kg/m2) | 4.9±0.7 | 5.0±0.6 | 0.73 | 0.13 |
| Regional trunk %fat (%) | 24.4±5.5 | 23.9±7.0 | 0.82 | 0.33 |
| Glucose (mmol/L)¶ | 5.3±0.5 | 4.9±0.4 | 0.03‡ | 0.06 |
| Insulin (µU/mL)¶ | 17.3±15.1 | 5.0±3.7 | 0.02‡ | 0.02‡ |
| HOMA-IR¶ | 4.3±4.1 | 1.1±0.9 | 0.02‡ | 0.02‡ |
*Independent samples t-test p values.
†Linear regression p value after adjusting for gestational age and diet at discharge.
‡Statistically significant difference.
§For DXA whole body scan measurements, n=23 for AGA infants and n=11 for SGA infants.
¶For non-fasting glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR, n=19 for AGA infants and n=10 for SGA infants.
AGA, appropriate for gestational age; BMC, bone mineral content; BMD, bone mineral density; BMI, body mass index; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; FM, fat mass; FMI, fat mass index; HC, head circumference; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model of assessment-insulin resistance; LM, lean mass; LMI, lean mass index; SGA, small for gestational age.