AEDs administered to neonates with electrographic seizures on the EEG, n=75
| Never received AED (n=7) | Received AED at any time (n=68) | Received AED before start of EEG monitoring (n=23) | Received AED after start of EEG monitoring (n=61)* | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Final diagnosis | ||||
| HIE grade | ||||
| Moderate | 4 (57.1) | 23 (33.8) | 9 (39.1) | 18 (29.5) |
| Severe | 1 (14.3) | 16 (23.5) | 4 (17.4) | 16 (26.2) |
| Metabolic/genetic disorder | 1 (14.3) | 15 (22.1) | 5 (21.7) | 14 (23.0) |
| Stroke | 0 (0.0) | 10 (14.7) | 2 (8.7) | 10 (16.4) |
| Sepsis/meningitis | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.9) | 2 (8.7) | 2 (3.3) |
| Other | 1 (14.3) | 2 (2.9) | 1 (4.3) | 1 (1.6) |
| Type of AED† | ||||
| Phenobarbital | 65 (95.6) | 23 (100.0) | 56 (91.8) | |
| Midazolam | 19 (27.9) | 1 (4.3) | 18 (29.5) | |
| Phenytoin | 25 (36.8) | 1 (4.3) | 24 (39.3) | |
| Lidocaine | 6 (8.8) | 1 (4.3) | 5 (8.2) | |
| Clonazepam | 5 (7.4) | 1 (4.3) | 4 (6.6) | |
| Keppra/levetiracetam | 3 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (4.9) | |
| Paraldehyde | 4 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (6.6) | |
| Bumetanide | 3 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (4.9) | |
| Pyridoxal 5 phosphate | 2 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.3) | |
| Pyridoxin | 3 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (4.9) | |
| Vigabatrin | 2 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.3) | |
| Number of types of AEDs administered† | ||||
| 1 | 23 (33.8) | 19 (82.6) | 20 (32.8) | |
| 2 | 28 (41.2) | 4 (17.4) | 25 (41.0) | |
| 3 | 12 (17.6) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (19.7) | |
| ≥4 | 5 (7.4) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (6.6) |
* includes 16 neonates who also received an AED before the start of EEG monitoring.
†For neonates who were administered an AED.
AED, antiepileptic drug; EEG, electroencephalography; HIE, hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy.