Table 4

Common bundled elements

Author Technical Element	Almeida	Arnts	Bizzarro	Bowen	Ceballos	Chandonnet	Erdei	Fisher	Kime	McMullan	Piazza	Rallis	Resende	Rosenthal	Salm	Schulman	Shepherd	Sinha	Steiner	Ting	Wang	Wilder	Wirtschafter	Zhou
Maximal standard barrier precautions	*			*	*	*		*		*	*	*	*	*	*	*			*	*	*		*	*
Skin preparation	*		*		*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*		*	*	*	*		*	*	*	*
Daily line need assessment		*		*		*	*	*	*	*	*		*	*	*	*	*				*		*	*
Scrub the hub	*	*		*			*	*	*		*			*			*	*		*			*
Closed IV tubing	*		*					*														*	*
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter team			*				*										*				*	*		*
Central line trolley/kit		*		*	*		*							*		*			*	*			*	*
Dressing protocol				*		*			*	*		*		*			*				*	*
Two person technique				*	*	*	*			*		*										*
Alcohol impregnated port protectors							*										*
Professional element
Education and training	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
Multidisciplinary team		*	*	*	*		*	*	*	*	*						*			*		*	*	*
Audit and feedback		*	*	*	*	*	*		*	*	*			*			*	*		*		*	*
Checklists		*	*	*	*			*	*	*	*	*			*	*	*		*	*	*		*
Opinion leaders				*			*						*
Rewards						*	*		*
Root cause analysis				*	*	*	*		*		*						*						*