Comparison of the categorisation of impairment by clinical assessment (British Association of Perinatal Medicine/National Neonatal Audit Programme criteria) and research assessment (Bayley-III scores) and the sensitivities and specificities of clinical data in identifying children with any impairment and severe impairment
| Domain of development | Identification of impairment by clinical assessment against the ‘gold-standard’ research assessment | |||||||||||||||
| Presence of any impairment | Presence of severe impairment | |||||||||||||||
| TP | FN | FP | TN | Sensitivity, % (95% CI) | Specificity, % (95% CI) | PPV % (95% CI) | NPV % (95% CI) | TP | FN | FP | TN | Sensitivity, % (95% CI) | Specificity, % (95% CI) | PPV % (95% CI) | NPV % (95% CI) | |
| Cognitive (n=188) | 23 | 10 | 25 | 130 | 69.7 (55.1 to 84.3) | 83.9 (75.6 to 92.1) | 47.9 (33.3 to 62.8) | 92.9 (87.3 to 96.5) | 2 | 5 | 4 | 177 | 28.6 (5.0 to 52.2) | 97.8 (95.1 to 100) | 33.3 (4.3 to 77.7) | 97.3 (93.7 to 99.1) |
| Receptive communication (n=184) | 9 | 30 | 4 | 141 | 23.1 (6.7 to 39.5) | 97.2 (94.6 to 99.9) | 69.2 (38.6 to 90.9) | 82.5 (38.6 to 90.9) | 3 | 8 | 2 | 171 | 27.3 (0.0 to 62.9) | 98.8 (97.3 to 100) | 60.0 (14.7 to 94.7) | 95.5 (91.4 to 98.1) |
| Expressive communication (n=187) | 32 | 22 | 13 | 120 | 59.3 (46.5 to 72.0) | 90.2 (82.2 to 98.3) | 71.1 (55.7 to 83.6) | 84.5 (77.5 to 90.0) | 7 | 5 | 6 | 169 | 58.3 (36.6 to 80.0) | 96.6 (92.7 to 98.7) | 53.8 (25.1 to 80.8) | 97.1 (93.4 to 99.1) |
| Combined communication (n=182) | 33 | 29 | 11 | 109 | 53.2 (42.0 to 64.5) | 90.8 (83.5 to 98.2) | 75.0 (59.7 to 86.8) | 79.0 (71.2 to 85.5) | 9 | 12 | 5 | 156 | 42.9 (14.2 to 71.5) | 96.9 (92.9 to 99.0) | 64.3 (35.1 to 87.2) | 92.9 (87.9 to 96.3) |
| Fine motor (n=190) | 3 | 9 | 1 | 177 | 25.0 (0.0 to 59.7) | 99.4 (98.3 to 100) | 75.0 (19.4 to 99.4) | 95.2 (91.0 to 97.8) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 187 | 50.0 (0.0 to 100) | 99.5 (97.1 to 100) | 50.0 (1.3 to 98.7) | 99.5 (97.1 to 100) |
| Gross motor (n=186) | 12 | 4 | 1 | 169 | 75.0 (49.9 to 100) | 99.4 (98.1 to 100) | 92.3 (64 to 99.8) | 97.7 (94.2 to 99.4) | 8 | 1 | 0 | 177 | 88.9 (51.8 to 99.7) | 100 (97.9 to 100) | 100 (63.1 to 100) | 99.4 (96.9 to 100) |
| Combined motor (n=186) | 13 | 8 | 1 | 164 | 61.9 (32.9 to 90.9) | 99.4 (98.1 to 100) | 92.9 (66.1 to 99.8) | 95.3 (91.0 to 98.0) | 8 | 2 | 0 | 176 | 80.0 (44.4 to 97.5) | 100 (97.9to 100) | 100 (63.1 to 100) | 98.9 (96.0 to 99.9) |
| Overall (n=177) | 40 | 25 | 16 | 96 | 61.5 (52.5 to 70.6) | 85.7 (77.4 to 94.0) | 71.4 (57.8 to 82.7) | 79.3 (71.0 to 86.2) | 13 | 12 | 5 | 147 | 52.0 (23.8 to 80.2) | 96.7 (92.5 to 99.9) | 72.2 (46.5 to 90.2) | 92.5 (87.2 to 96.0) |
Combined communication impairment was judged as the worst category of outcome from receptive communication and expressive communication; combined motor impairment was judged as the worst category of outcome from fine motor and gross motor. Overall impairment was based on the worst category of outcome from the cognitive, communication and motor domains.
FN, false-negatives; FP; false-positives; NPV, negative predictive value; PPV, positive predictive value; TN, true-negatives; TP, true-positives.