Arithmetic | Reading | Spelling | SEN | |||||||||||||
Study | SMD | SE | z | I2 | SMD | SE | z | I2 | SMD | SE | Z | I2 | RR | 95% CI | z | I2 |
Assel et al 22 | −0.36 | 0.13 | −2.74** | |||||||||||||
Cheong et al 31 | −0.74 | 0.12 | −5.92*** | −0.41 | 0.12 | −3.40** | −0.55 | 0.12 | −4.46*** | 2.52 | 1.45 to 4.40 | 3.26** | ||||
Clark and Woodward32 | −0.66 | 0.14 | −4.65** | −0.65 | 0.14 | −4.60*** | −0.56 | 0.14 | −3.96*** | 1.95 | 1.25 to 3.05 | 2.92* | ||||
Frye et al 20 | 0.55 | 0.13 | −4.16*** | |||||||||||||
Hutchinson et al 33 | −0.58 | 0.11 | −5.36*** | −0.50 | 0.11 | −4.67*** | −0.50 | 0.11 | −4.67*** | |||||||
Johnson et al 24 | −1.46 | 0.12 | −12.31*** | −1.06 | 0.11 | −9.40*** | 5.55 | 3.49 to 8.81 | 7.25*** | |||||||
Litt et al 34 | −0.61 | 0.12 | −5.03*** | −0.36 | 0.12 | −2.98** | 5.06 | 2.83 to 9.05 | 5.48*** | |||||||
Loe et al 23 | −0.47 | 0.20 | −2.41* | |||||||||||||
Luu et al 16 | −0.78 | 0.11 | −6.91*** | 2.88 | 1.86 to 4.45 | 4.74*** | ||||||||||
McNicholas et al 35 | −0.91 | 0.21 | -4.32*** | −0.43 | 0.20 | −2.12* | 2.75 | 1.15 to 6.61 | 2.26* | |||||||
Northam et al 36 | −0.59 | 0.24 | −2.49* | −0.59 | 0.24 | −2.49** | ||||||||||
Rose et al 17 | −0.42 | 0.19 | −2.26* | −0.36 | 0.19 | −1.94 | ||||||||||
Sayeur et al 37 | 0.04 | 0.45 | 0.10 | |||||||||||||
Short et al 18 | −1.02 | 0.13 | −7.66*** | −0.54 | 0.13 | −4.20*** | 1.72 | 1.17 to 2.51 | 2.79** | |||||||
Simms et al 38 | −0.63 | 0.15 | −4.16*** | |||||||||||||
Taylor et al 39 | −0.51 | 0.13 | −3.95*** | −0.30 | 0.13 | −2.32* | −0.54 | 0.13 | −4.19*** | 2.02 | 1.47 to 2.79 | 4.31*** | ||||
Taylor et al 40 | −0.63 | 0.14 | −4.42*** | −0.51 | 0.14 | −3.63*** | −0.45 | 0.14 | −3.18** | 4.56 | 2.12 to 9.78 | 3.89*** | ||||
Summary effect | −0.71 | 0.09 | −7.67*** | 81.91 | −0.44 | 0.10 | −4.38*** | 86.27 | −0.52 | 0.06 | −9.53*** | 0.00 | 2.85 | 2.12 to 3.84 | 6.90*** | 69.46 |
*p<.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
RR, risk ratio; SEN, special educational needs; SMD, standardised mean difference.