Predictive values of MRI and ultrasound
| MRI (n=480)* | Ultrasound (n=484)* | ||||||||||
| Outcome | Sensitivity (95% CI) | Specificity (95% CI) | PPV (95% CI) | NPV (95% CI) | AUROC (95% CI) | Sensitivity (95% CI) | Specificity (95% CI) | PPV (95% CI) | NPV (95% CI) | AUROC (95% CI) | p Value |
| Principle reference standard (moderate or severe functional impairment) | |||||||||||
| GMFCS grade 2–5 | 60.6 (42.1 to 77.1) | 88.4 (85.0 to 91.2) | 27.8 (17.9 to 39.6) | 96.8 (94.6 to 98.3) | 0.74 (0.66 to 0.83) | 29.4 (15.1 to 47.5) | 97.6 (95.7 to 98.8) | 47.6 (25.7 to 70.2) | 94.8 (92.4 to 96.7) | 0.64 (0.56 to 0.72) | 0.01 |
| Secondary reference standards | |||||||||||
| Bayley-III motor domain score<85 | 38.9 (27.6 to 51.1) | 89.2 (85.8 to 92.1) | 38.9 (27·6 to 51.1) | 89.2 (85.8 to 92.1) | 0.64 (0.58 to 0.70) | 16.4 (8.8 to 27.0) | 97.8 (95.9 to 99.0) | 57.1 (34.0 to 78.2) | 86.8 (83.4 to 89.8) | 0.57 (0.53 to 0.62) | 0.008 |
| Bayley-III cognitive domain score<85 | 27.9 (19.8 to 37.2) | 88·9 (85.2 to 91.9) | 43.1 (31.4 to 55.3) | 80.4 (76.2 to 84.1) | 0.58 (0.54 to 0.63) | 12.5 (7.0 to 20.1) | 98.1 (96.2 to 99.2) | 66.7 (43.0 to 85.4) | 78.8 (74.8 to 82.5) | 0.55 (0.52 to 0.59) | 0.13 |
| Bayley-III language domain score<85 | 19.9 (14.3 to 26.6) | 87.8 (83.6 to 91.3) | 48.6 (36.7 to 60.7) | 65.4 (60.6 to 70.1) | 0.54 (0.50 to 0.57) | 6.2 (3.1 to 10.8) | 96.7 (94.1 to 98.4) | 52.4 (29.8 to 74.3) | 63.9 (59.4 to 68.3) | 0.51 (0.49 to 0.54) | 0.14 |
| PARCA-R index score<49 | 18.7 (14.3 to 23.8) | 91·9 (87.1 to 95.3) | 76.5 (64.6 to 85.9) | 44.5 (39.6 to 49.4) | 0.55 (0.52 to 0.58) | 5.3 (3.0 to 8.7) | 97.0 (93.5 to 98.9) | 71.4 (47.8 to 88.7) | 41.9 (37.4 to 46.6) | 0.51 (0.49 to 0.53) | 0.003 |
| M-CHAT failure of more than two critical items | 23.8 (17.3 to 31.4) | 89.1 (85.3 to 92.3) | 50.0 (38.0 to 62.0) | 72.0 (67.3 to 76.2) | 0.56 (0.53 to 0.60) | 6.6 (3.2 to 11.8) | 96.7 (94.2 to 98.3) | 47.6 (25.7 to 70.2) | 69.5 (65.1 to 73.6) | 0.52 (0.49 to 0.54) | 0.006 |
*Number of MRI or ultrasound images and infants with principal reference standard assessed (missing, n: PARCA-R: MRI (21), ultrasound (10)); M-CHAT: MRI (15); ultrasound (9).
AUROC, area under the receiver operator characteristics curve; Bayley-III, Bayley Scales of Infant Development III; GMFCS, gross motor function classification system; M-CHAT, modified checklist for autism in toddlers; NPV, negative predictive value; PPV, positive predictive value; PARCA-R, parent report of children’s abilities-revised.