Subject characteristics
| Variable | BPD N=77 | Without BPD N=177 | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Birth weight (g) | 831±194 | 1112±233 | <0.001 |
| Birth length (cm) | 33.2±2.8 | 36.8±2.9 | <0.001 |
| Birth head circumference (cm) | 23.4±1.8 | 25.9±2.1 | <0.001 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 26.0±1.7 | 28.7±2.3 | <0.001 |
| Male | 52 (68) | 81 (46) | 0.001 |
| Multiple gestation | 11 (14) | 22 (12) | 0.686 |
| Any antenatal steroids | 70 (91) | 159 (90) | 0.791 |
| Complete antenatal steroid course | 48 (62) | 119 (67) | 0.378 |
| Vaginal delivery | 29 (38) | 61 (35) | 0.624 |
| Inborn | 65 (84) | 158 (89) | 0.278 |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | 0.075 | ||
| Black | 39 (51) | 93 (53) | |
| White/other | 24 (31) | 32 (18) | |
| Hispanic | 14 (18) | 52 (29) | |
| Maternal chorioamnionitis | 12 (16) | 20 (11) | 0.344 |
| Small for gestational age at birth | 18 (23) | 37 (21) | 0.660 |
| Apgar 1 min | 6 (3.75–7) | 7 (4–8) | 0.004 |
| Apgar 5 min | 7 (7–8) | 8 (7–9) | <0.001 |
| Maximal delivery room support* | <0.001 | ||
| Room air | 0 (0) | 7 (4) | |
| Oxygen | 0 (0) | 10 (6) | |
| Mask CPAP | 6 (9) | 52 (30) | |
| Mask PPV | 12 (17) | 27 (16) | |
| Intubation and PPV | 52 (74) | 77 (45) | |
| Surfactant | 69 (90) | 108 (61) | <0.001 |
| Surfactant—number of doses | <0.001 | ||
| 0 dose | 7 (9) | 69 (39) | |
| 1 dose | 38 (49) | 92 (52) | |
| 2 doses | 19 (25) | 14 (8) | |
| 3 doses | 13 (17) | 2 (1) | |
| Caffeine | 77 (100) | 155 (88) | <0.001 |
| RSS DOL 14 | 3.4 (2.1–4.5) | 0 (0–1.6) | <0.001 |
| Ventilation duration up to 36 weeks PMA (days)† | 22 (9–35) | 1 (0–4) | <0.001 |
| DOL 1–7 intravenous fluid mL/kg/day | 126±19 | 114±19 | <0.001 |
| DOL first feeding | 5 (3–8) | 4 (3–5) | <0.001 |
| DOL full feeding | 29 (22–36.5) | 16 (13–21.75) | <0.001 |
| HM-PCT at 36 weeks PMA (%)† | 45±39 | 57±41 | 0.027 |
| Early onset sepsis | 49 (64) | 69 (39) | <0.001 |
| Late onset sepsis | 9 (12) | 22 (12) | 0.868 |
| PDA | 59 (77) | 60 (34) | <0.001 |
| NEC | 13 (17) | 10 (6) | 0.004 |
| IVH grades 3 or 4 | 2 (3) | 9 (5) | 0.371 |
| Weight at 36 weeks PMA (g)† | 2183±455 | 2033±358 | 0.011 |
| Length at 36 weeks PMA (cm)† | 42.5±2.9 | 42.9±2.4 | 0.318 |
| Head circumference at 36 weeks PMA (cm)† | 30.7±1.9 | 30.9±1.6 | 0.229 |
| NICU length of stay (days) | 110±28 | 59±25 | <0.001 |
| Discharge PMA (weeks) | 42.0±3.8 | 37.7±2.2 | <0.001 |
Data are reported as n (%), median (IQR) or mean±SD as appropriate.
*Available for 244 infants.
†At discharge, if discharged before 36 weeks PMA.
BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; DOL, day of life; HM-PCT, human milk dose as a proportion of enteral feedings; IVH, intraventricular haemorrhage; NEC, necrotising enterocolitis; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; PMA, postmenstrual age; PPV, positive pressure ventilation; RSS respiratory severity score.