Infant and maternal characteristics of the study population
| Infant and maternal characteristics | SGA (n=80)* | TGA (n=81)* | AGA (n=299) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.64±1.3 | 39.53±1.4 | 39.81±1.2 |
| p Value | 0.304 | 0.134 | |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 43/80 (54%) | 26/81 (32%) | 140/299 (47%) |
| p Value | 0.321 | 0.013 | |
| Birth weight (g) | 2850±255 | 3215±394 | 3567±422 |
| p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Customised birthweight centile | 5.3±2.7 | 30.6±24.7 | 53.2±27.0 |
| p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Length (cm) | 48.4±1.7 | 49.5±2.0 | 50.6±1.9 |
| p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Body fat, n (%) | 8.1 (3.5) | 4.0 (1.1) | 11.4 (3.7) |
| p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Maternal age (years) | 30.0±4.8 | 30.2±4.0 | 29.8±4.4 |
| p Value | 0.974 | 0.813 | |
| Maternal total years of schooling | 13.3±0.8 | 13.3±1.0 | 13.2±1.2 |
| p Value | 0.476 | 0.531 | |
| Mother completed tertiary education, n (%) | 39 (49) | 45 (55) | 168 (56) |
| p Value | 0.127 | 0.924 | |
| Socioeconomic index | 42.36±17.3 | 46.12±18.6 | 42.51±15.6 |
| p Value | 0.509 | 0.192 | |
| Smoking, n (%) | 14 (17.5) | 11 (13.6) | 23 (7.7) |
| p Value | 0.005 | 0.018 |
Data are given as n (%) or mean±SD; a p value <0.05 denotes a statistically significant difference compared with AGA group using the Mann-Whitney U test or χ2 test as appropriate. Socioeconomic index was measured using the New Zealand socioeconomic index.28
*SGA and TGA groups include 20 infants who were both SGA and TGA.
AGA, appropriate-for-gestational age; SGA, small-for-gestational age; STGA, small- and thin-for-gestational age; TGA, thin-for-gestational age.