SpO2 in target range | Eupoxia | SpO2 <80% | SpO2 <85% | SpO2 below target range | SpO2 above target range | SpO2 >96% in oxygen | SpO2 >98% in oxygen | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manual control (original recordings) | 49.2 (39.3–54.1) | 55.6 (51.3–65.1) | 0.60 (0.13–2.0) | 3.0 (2.0–6.4) | 10 (7.2–17) | 38 (32–54) | 3.3 (2.3–4.6) | 0.30 (0.16–0.83) |
Core PID | 91.1 (83.1–92.6)a,i | 92.6 (90.9–94.0)a,h,i | 0.059 (0.022–0.12)g | 0.22 (0.13–0.43)g | 3.7 (3.1–4.2)a,i | 4.8 (3.9–13)a,f | 1.73 (1.0–2.1)h | 0.070 (0.030–0.12)g |
Core PID+SC | 82.9 (78.3–89.8)c | 90.0 (83.9–92.9)a | 0.56 (0.15–2.6)a | 1.2 (0.55–4.2)a | 6.2 (4.5–10)c | 6.9 (4.5–13) | 1.5 (0.63–3.0) | 0.10 (0.016–0.51) |
Core PID+adaptive Kp | 92.2 (85.3–95.1)b,d | 94.7 (92.2–95.7)b | 0.040 (0.014–0.12)b | 0.20 (0.088–0.26)b | 2.6 (2.0–3.8)b,d | 4.4 (2.6–12)b | 1.1 (0.87–1.8) | 0.089 (0.0077–0.19) |
Core PID+TRA | 91.7 (85.1–94.5)d | 93.8 (91.8–95.5)b | 0.049 (0.019–0.11)b | 0.20 (0.10–0.30)b | 2.9 (2.0–3.9)d | 4.6 (2.8–13) | 1.2 (0.87–1.7) | 0.047 (0.019–0.11) |
Enhanced PID−SC | 91.7 (84.4–94.9)e | 94.3 (91.7–95.5)d | 0.037 (0.017–0.11)c | 0.20 (0.091–0.26)c | 2.8 (2.1–4.1)e | 4.6 (2.7–12)c | 1.1 (0.88–1.8)c | 0.092 (0.011–0.20)d,f |
Enhanced PID−adaptive Kp | 88.1 (82.3–92.2)g | 92.5 (89.5–95.2)d | 0.43 (0.076–1.3)d | 0.75 (0.23–1.8)d | 5.1 (3.5–6.9)f,g | 4.9 (3.1–12)c | 1.2 (0.51–1.7) | 0.088 (0.014–0.23)d |
Enhanced PID−TRA | 91.4 (86.2–95.6)f,h | 95.5 (93.3–95.9)c | 0.094 (0.028–0.25)d | 0.28 (0.18–0.66) | 3.6 (2.8–4.9)h | 3.0 (1.3–12)d | 0.44 (0.25–0.63)d | 0.013 (0–0.042)e |
Enhanced PID | 91.2 (85.3–95.5)h,i | 95.1 (92.9–96.5)g | 0.088 (0.024–0.18)d,g | 0.24 (0.094–0.43)g | 3.8 (2.6–5.0)f,i | 3.2 (1.2–12)d,e | 0.31 (0.22–0.56)d,g | 0.013 (0–0.042)c,h |
Enhanced PID 30 s lockout | 87.9 (81.3–93.3)j,k | 92.5 (90.1–94.0)h,i | 0.21 (0.13–0.40)h | 0.51 (0.30–0.73)h | 5.5 (4.1–6.8)j | 4.8 (1.9–12) | 0.76 (0.45–1.2)h | 0.024 (0–0.11) |
PD control | 52.7 (38.6–55.5)j,l | 52.8 (38.6–59.1)h,j | 1.6 (0.24–8.4)h | 4.4 (0.67–17)h | 20 (6.3–44)j | 12 (4.2–39)f | 2.5 (0.51–20)h | 0 (0–0.037)h |
Comparison of proportion of time (% of total time) within prespecified SpO2 ranges with different algorithms. Median (IQR). Within-column statistical comparisons (Friedman analysis of variance with Dunn's post hoc test): a differs from b, p<0.05; c differs from d; e differs from f; g differs from h; I differs from j; k differs from l.
Kp, proportional coefficient; PD, proportional–derivative; PID, proportional–integral–derivative; SC, Severinghaus compensation; TRA, target range attenuation.