Important clinical characteristics
| Group: n=380 | Closed n=197 | Non-sPDA n=125 | SC hsPDA n=32 | UC hsPDA n=44 | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, male (%) | 93 (52) | 63 (50) | 15 (47) | 24 (55) | ns |
| GA (week), mean±SD | 30.0±1.6 | 29.6±1.6 | 28.3±1.7*‡ | 27.7±2.1†§ | |
| BW (g), mean±SD | 1388±431 | 1356±330 | 1026±254*‡ | 1058±287†§ | |
| SGA BW <p10, n (%) | 15 (8) | 5 (4) | 5 (16) | 4 (9) | ns |
| Apgar 1 min, median (range) | 7 (0–10) | 7 (1–10) | 5 (0–9)*‡ | 6 (1–9)†§ | |
| Apgar 5 min, median (range) | 9 (2–10) | 9 (1–10) | 8 (3–10)*‡ | 8 (4–10)†§ | |
| aCCS full course, n (%) | 144 (80) | 95 (76) | 22 (66) | 36 (82) | ns |
| Ventilator support, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Not intubated (none, low flow or CPAP) | 122 (62) | 77 (62) | 4 (14) | 7 (16) | |
| Intubated (SIMV/HFO) | 57 (32) | 48 (38) | 28 (88) | 37 (84) | |
| IRDS, with surfactant, n (%) | 54 (30) | 50 (40) | 27 (84) | 33 (75) | <0.001 |
| PIVH Papille classification, n (%) | ns | ||||
| None | 146 (82) | 89 (72) | 23 (72) | 30 (68) | |
| 1 (germinal layer) | 15 (8) | 17 (14) | 3 (9) | 5 (11) | |
| 2 (<50% ventricle) | 13 (7) | 14 (11) | 2 (6) | 5 (11) | |
| 3 (>50% ventricle) | 4 (2) | 3 (2) | 4 (13) | 4 (9) | |
| 4 (venous infarction) | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | 0 | 0 | |
| Inotropes n (%) | ≤0.001 | ||||
| None | 149 (83) | 103 (82) | 15 (47) | 18 (41) | |
| Mild | 11 (6) | 5 (4) | 0 | 9 (20) | |
| Severe | 19 (11) | 17 (14) | 17 (53) | 17 (39) | |
| Sepsis, n (%) | |||||
| <48 h | 5 (3) | 1 (1) | 0 | 3 (7) | <0.001 |
| >48 h | 27 (15) | 18 (14) | 12 (38) | 16 (36) | ns |
| NEC, n (%) | 4 (2) | 3 (2) | 1 (6) | 1 (2) | ns |
| BPD, n (%) | 4 (2) | 3 (2) | 1 (3) | 3 (7) | ns |
| Mortality, n (%) | 2 (1) | 2 (2) | 3 (9) | 4 (9) | <0.05 |
*Closed versus SC hsPDA, p<0.05.
†Closed versus UC hsPDA, p<0.05.
‡Non-sPDA versus SC hsPDA, p<0.05.
§Non-sPDA versus UC hsPDA, p<0.05.
aCCS, antenatal corticosteroids; BW, birth weight; BPD: bronchopulmonary dysplasia; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; GA, gestational age; HFO, high frequency oscillation; non-sPDA: haemodynamically non-significant patent ductus arteriosus; inotropes: none: no support or only fluid administration, mild: dopamine ≤5 µg/kg, severe: dopamine >5 µg/kg or the addition of dobutamine, adrenaline or corticosteroids; IRDS, infant respiratory distress syndrome; NEC, necrotising enterocolitis; ns, non-significant; PIVH, periventricular or intraventricular haemmorhage; SC hsPDA, successfully closed haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus; SGA, small for gestational age; UC hsPDA, unsuccessfully closed haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus.