Body composition data in infants of mothers with and without diabetes from individual studies included in the systematic review using (A) skinfolds and (B) other techniques
| Study | Study groups | Age | Fat mass (g) | Fat-free mass (g) | % Fat mass | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls | IDM | Controls | IDM | Controls | IDM | |||||||||
| (A) Studies using skinfold thickness | ||||||||||||||
| Aman et al31 | Controls: 28 IDM: 28 (18 T1D, 10 GDM) | <48 h | 500 (200) | 700 (200) | 3100 (400) | 3400 (400) | 13.5 (3.5) | 16.4 (3.2) | ||||||
| Brunner et al28 | Controls: 152 (82 males) IDM: 9 (all GDM) (three males) | 3–5 days | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females |
| 482 (146) | 485 (138) | 653 (290) | 438 (94) | 3029 (352) | 2939 (342) | 3505 (433) | 2647 (276) | 13.5 (2.7) | 14.0 (2.8) | 15.2 (4.1) | 14.1 (1.9) | |||
| Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | |||||||||
| 483 (142) | 509 (195) | 2988 (350) | 2933 (528) | 13.7 (2.8) | 14.5 (2.6) | |||||||||
| Enzi et al25 | Controls: 17 IDM: 25 (8 T1D, 17 GDM) | Birth | 386 (91) | 606 (185) | Author contacted—no further data available | 12.2 (2.1) | 18.1 (6.1) | |||||||
| McFarland et al42 | Controls: 58 (40 males) IDM: 16 (eight males) (12 GDM, 4 pre-existing) | <24 h | 762 (243) | 1012 (292) | 3519 (236) | 3282 (267) | 17.7 | 23.5 | ||||||
| Metzger (HAPO)15 | Controls: 16 097 IDM: 3082 (all GDM) | <72 h | 375 (159) | 424 (177) | 2866 (311) | 2928 (334) | 11.2 (3.53) | 12.2 (3.70) | ||||||
| Schaefer-Graf et al26 | Controls: 190 (92 males) IDM: 150 (all GDM) (66 males) | <48 h | 381 (179) | 433 (171) | Authors contacted—no further data available | |||||||||
| Zhao et al21 | Controls: 284 (139 males) IDM: 160 (all GDM) (90 males) | <48 h | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females |
| 475 (61) | 484 (84) | 579 (61) | 588 (57) | 2800 (105) | 2764 (109) | 2695 (121) | 2674 (133) | 14.4 (1.1) | 14.7 (2.2) | 17.2 (0.5) | 17.9 (0.8) | |||
| Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | |||||||||
| 480 (74) | 585 (59) | 2784 (109) | 2685 (127) | 14.7 (1.9) | 17.8 (0.8) | |||||||||
| (B) Studies using techniques other than skinfold thickness | ||||||||||||||
| Au et al18 | Controls: 532 (284 males) IDM: 67 (all GDM) (28 males) | <48 h | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females |
| 306 (184) | 358 (172) | 268 (181) | 275 (181) | 3033 (350) | 2874 (314) | 3017 (351) | 2717 (268) | 8.4 (4.3) | 10.3 (4.2) | 7.4 (4.2) | 8.4 (4.7) | |||
| Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | |||||||||
| 331 (180) | 272 (180) | 2959 (342) | 2846 (338) | 9.3 (4.3) | 7.9 (4.5) | |||||||||
| Brumbaugh et al19 | Controls: 13 (seven males) IDM: 12 (all GDM) (eight males) | 16.3±2.3 days (1–3 weeks) | Author contacted—no further data available | 13.1 (5.0) | 14.7 (3.0) | |||||||||
| Catalano et al16 | Controls: 220 (119 males) IDM: 195 (all GDM) (100 males) | <72 h | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females |
| 352 (197) | 374 (200) | 463 (200) | 407 (210) | 3044 (428) | 2894 (369) | 3071 (369) | 2847 (411) | 9.9 (4.6) | 10.9 (4.5) | 12.7 (4.4) | 12.0 (4.9) | |||
| Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | |||||||||
| 362 (198) | 436 (206) | 2975 (408) | 2962 (405) | 10.4 (4.6) | 12.4 (4.6) | |||||||||
| Durnwald et al44 | Controls: 52 (26 males) IDM: 50 (all GDM, but LGA babies) (31 males) | <48 h | 563 (206) | 662 (163) | 3557 (310) | 3400 (314) | 13.5 (4.5) | 16.2 (3.3) | ||||||
| Hammami et al43 | Controls: 36 IDM: 11 (nine GDM, one T1D, one T2D, but all LGA babies) | 1.8 (1.0) days | 905 (248) | 1242 (177) | 3393 (213) | 3343 (143) | 20.4 (4.5) | 26.4 (2.7) | ||||||
| Lee et al20 | Controls: 324 (160 males) IDM: 25 (13 GDM, 9 T1D, 3 T2D) (11 males) | <60 h | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females |
| 323 (161) | 351 (183) | 565 (193) | 542 (229) | 2935 (437) | 2752 (383) | 3050 (479) | 2891 (419) | 9.5 (3.6) | 10.8 (4.2) | 15.5 (4.0) | 15.2 (4.4) | |||
| Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | |||||||||
| 337 (173) | 552 (210) | 2843 (420) | 2961 (444) | 10.2 (4.0) | 15.4 (4.2) | |||||||||
| Lingwood et al 17 | Controls: 77 (41 males) IDM: 84 (all GDM) (42 males) | <6 days | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females |
| 353 (149) | 346 (179) | 400 (194) | 427 (191) | 3189 (294) | 2880 (266) | 2943 (314) | 2835 (340) | 9.76 (3.55) | 10.39 (4.58) | 11.6 (4.4) | 12.7 (4.1) | |||
| Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | Pooled | |||||||||
| 350 (162) | 413 (192) | 3045 (320) | 2889 (329) | 10.05 (4.05) | 12.1 (4.3) | |||||||||
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HAPO, Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome; LGA, glycated haemoglobin; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes.