Adjusted ORs and 95% CIs showing the association between 5 min Apgar score (conventional categories) and vulnerability within the five EDI domains
| Physical health and well-being domain | Social domain | Emotional domain | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factors | OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value |
| Apgar score at 5 min (vs 5 min Apgar 9–10) | |||||||||
| 0–6 | 1.55 | (1.17 to 2.06) | <0.001 | 1.36 | (1.01 to 1.84) | 0.05 | 1.09 | (0.78 to 1.51) | 0.62 |
| 7 | 1.19 | (0.94 to 1.51) | 0.14 | 1.21 | (0.95 to 1.54) | 0.12 | 1.34 | (1.07 to 1.69) | 0.01 |
| 8 | 1.02 | (0.92 to 1.14) | 0.72 | 1.01 | (0.91 to 1.13) | 0.84 | 1.04 | (0.94 to 1.17) | 0.44 |
| Sex of the child, male (vs female) | 1.75 | (1.63 to 1.87) | <0.0001 | 2.51 | (2.33 to 2.70) | <0.0001 | 3.12 | (2.89 to 3.36) | <0.0001 |
| Child's age at EDI completion (years) | 0.85 | (0.79 to 0.91) | <0.0001 | 0.82 | (0.76 to 0.88) | <0.0001 | 0.86 | (0.80 to 0.92) | <0.0001 |
| SES (vs highest SES) | |||||||||
| Middle SES | 2.40 | (2.19 to 2.63) | <0.0001 | 2.27 | (2.07 to 2.50) | <0.0001 | 1.77 | (1.60 to 1.95) | <0.0001 |
| Lowest SES or income assistance | 1.47 | (1.36 to 1.58) | <0.0001 | 1.44 | (1.33 to 1.55) | <0.0001 | 1.19 | (1.11 to 1.29) | <0.0001 |
| Gestational weeks (vs 40 weeks) | |||||||||
| 37 | 1.24 | (1.09 to 1.42) | <0.01 | 1.16 | (1.02 to 1.34) | 0.03 | 1.13 | (0.98 to 1.29) | 0.10 |
| 38 | 1.07 | (0.97 to 1.19) | 0.17 | 1.14 | (1.03 to 1.26) | 0.01 | 1.06 | (0.95 to 1.18) | 0.28 |
| 39 | 1.05 | (0.96 to 1.15) | 0.28 | 1.09 | (0.99 to 1.19) | 0.06 | 1.06 | (0.97 to 1.16) | 0.19 |
| 41 | 1.01 | (0.92 to 1.12) | 0.83 | 1.07 | (0.97 to 1.19) | 0.19 | 1.08 | (0.98 to 1.20) | 0.12 |
| ≥42 | 1.24 | (0.93 to 1.65) | 0.14 | 1.06 | (0.78 to 1.45) | 0.71 | 1.44 | (1.09 to 1.90) | 0.01 |
| Birth weight for gestational age (vs ‘appropriate’) | |||||||||
| Large | 1.09 | (0.99 to 1.19) | 0.09 | 1.02 | (0.93 to 1.13) | 0.68 | 1.03 | (0.93 to 1.13) | 0.59 |
| Small | 1.33 | (1.19 to 1.49) | <0.0001 | 1.26 | (1.12 to 1.42) | <0.001 | 1.16 | (1.02 to 1.31) | 0.02 |
| Breastfeeding initiation, yes (vs no) | 1.41 | (1.30 to 1.53) | <0.0001 | 1.40 | (1.29 to 1.52) | <0.0001 | 1.16 | (1.06 to 1.27) | 0.001 |
| Language domain | Communication domain | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factors | OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value |
| Apgar score at 5 min (vs 5 min Apgar 9–10) | ||||||
| 5-Apgar 0–6 | 1.33 | (0.98 to 1.79) | 0.06 | 0.96 | (0.68 to 1.35) | 0.80 |
| 5-Apgar 7 | 1.03 | (0.80 to 1.32) | 0.85 | 1.10 | (0.86 to 1.41) | 0.45 |
| 5-Apgar 8 | 1.00 | (0.90 to 1.12) | 0.99 | 0.96 | (0.86 to 1.08) | 0.50 |
| Sex of the child, male (vs female) | 1.97 | (1.83 to 2.11) | <0.0001 | 1.90 | (1.77 to 2.04) | <0.0001 |
| Child's age at EDI completion (years) | 0.66 | (0.60 to 0.72) | <0.0001 | 0.84 | (0.78 to 0.91) | <0.0001 |
| SES (vs highest SES) | ||||||
| Middle SES | 2.97 | (2.71 to 3.26) | <0.0001 | 2.06 | (1.87 to 2.27) | <0.0001 |
| Lowest SES or income assistance | 1.62 | (1.50 to 1.75) | <0.0001 | 1.45 | (1.34 to 1.56) | <0.0001 |
| Gestational weeks (vs 40 weeks) | ||||||
| 37 | 1.16 | (1.02 to 1.33) | 0.03 | 1.18 | (1.02 to 1.35) | 0.02 |
| 38 | 1.04 | (0.94 to 1.15) | 0.48 | 1.08 | (0.97 to 1.20) | 0.16 |
| 39 | 1.04 | (0.95 to 1.14) | 0.38 | 1.14 | (1.04 to 1.24) | 0.01 |
| 41 | 0.96 | (0.86 to 1.06) | 0.40 | 1.00 | (0.90 to 1.11) | 0.96 |
| ≥42 | 1.11 | (0.82 to 1.49) | 0.51 | 1.19 | (0.88 to 1.61) | 0.26 |
| Birth weight for gestational age (vs AGA) | ||||||
| Large | 0.99 | (0.90 to 1.09) | 0.78 | 1.05 | (0.95 to 1.16) | 0.37 |
| Small | 1.26 | (1.12 to 1.42) | <0.001 | 1.51 | (1.34 to 1.69) | <0.0001 |
| Breastfeeding initiation yes (vs no) | 1.65 | (1.53 to 1.79) | <0.0001 | 1.63 | (1.50 to 1.77) | <0.0001 |
Bold represents p value <0.05.
AGA appropriate gestational age; EDI, Early Development Instrument; SES, socioeconomic status.