Tools commonly used to measure neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18–24 months of age in perinatal trials
| Assessment | Domains measured | Continuous scores | Classifying neurodevelopmental impairment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Examiner administered tests | |||
| Bayley Scales of Infant Development second edition (BSID-II)13 | i. Cognitive & Language ii. Motor | Standardised (Mean 100; SD 15) Mental Development Index (MDI) & Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) scores | SD-banded cut-offs for moderate (Index score −2 SD to −3 SD) and severe (Index score < −3 SD) impairment |
| Bayley Scales of Infant & Toddler Development third edition (Bayley-III)14 | i. Cognitive ii. Language iii. Motor | Standardised (Mean 100; SD 15) Cognitive, Language and Motor Composite scores | SD-banded cut-offs for moderate (Composite score −2 SD to −3 SD) and severe (Composite score < −3 SD) impairment. Concern regarding underestimation of impairment has led authors to suggest cut-offs should be raised by up to 1 SD15 |
| Griffiths Mental Development Scales-Revised: Birth to 2 years (GMDS 0–2)16 | i. Locomotor ii. Personal–Social iii. Hearing & Language iv. Eye hand coordination v. Performance | Standardised (Mean 100; SD 16) Locomotor, Personal–Social, Hearing & Language, Coordination and Performance scores; and General Quotient (GQ). | SD-banded cut-offs for moderate (standardised score −2 SD to −3 SD) and severe (standardised score < −3 SD) impairment |
| Parent report measures | |||
| Parent Report of Children's Abilities-Revised (PARCA-R)17 | i. Non-verbal cognition ii. Language | Parent Report Composite (PRC) score. | PRC composite score <44 for moderate/severe impairment18; PRC <31 for severe impairment19 |
| Ages and Stages Questionnaires third edition (ASQ-3)20 | i. Communication ii. Gross Motor iii. Fine Motor iv. Problem Solving v. Personal–Social | Total scores for Communication, Gross Motor, Fine Motor, Problem Solving and Personal–Social domains | Domain scores are compared with age-appropriate cut-offs for developmental delay to classify moderate/severe impairment (equivalent to standardised scores < −2 SD) |
| Clinical observation | |||
| Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS)21 | Gross motor function in children with Cerebral Palsy | Five level classification system | Moderate impairment Level 2; Severe impairment levels 3, 4 or 5. |