Most common associated anomalies | Frequency (%) |
---|---|
Cardiac anomalies | 398 (14.3) |
Ventricular septal defect | 114 (4.1) |
Atrial septal defect | 103 (3.7) |
Hypoplastic left heart | 27 (1.0) |
Coarctation of aorta | 31 (1.1) |
Urinary | 154 (5.5) |
Congenital hydronephrosis | 32 (1.2) |
Limb | 152 (5.5) |
Limb reduction | 55 (2.0) |
Upper limb reduction | 42 (1.5) |
Lower limb reduction | 18 (0.8) |
Club foot—talipes equinovarus | 36 (1.3) |
Polydactyly | 19 (0.7) |
Syndactyly | 20 (0.7) |
Respiratory (specific groups) | 5 (0.2) |
Nervous system | 134 (4.8) |
Neural tube defects | 59 (2.1) |
Hydrocephalus | 35 (1.3) |
Spina bifida | 27 (1.0) |
Anencephalus and similar | 26 (0.9) |
Oro-facial clefts | 61 (2.2) |
Cleft lip with or without palate | 30 (1.1) |
Cleft palate | 26 (0.9) |
Digestive system (excluding CDH) | 52 (1.9) |
Ano-rectal atresia | 20 (0.7) |
Abdominal wall defects | 51 (1.8) |
Genital | 51 (1.8) |
Hypospadias | 21 (0.8) |
Ear, face and neck | 43 (1.5) |
Eye | 18 (0.6) |
Cases with more than one associated anomaly contributed to each relevant subtype and therefore the total is greater than 784.
CDH, congenital diaphragmatic hernia.