Case number (a) | Reference | Maternal rectovaginal carriage | Delivery mode | Mastitis | Maternal milk | Cessation of breast feeding | Neonate carriage | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prenatal swab positivity for GBS | Time of rectovaginal swab (weeks of gestation) | Screening site and method | Type of milk at infection/recurrence | Time of GBS detection (time from first infection for one or several samples/time from recurrence, days) | Bacterial inoculum (CFU/mL) | Detection of GBS in gastric aspirates at birth | Detection of GBS in faeces (time from infection) | |||||
1* | 30 | ND | NA | NA | Caesarean | Yes | E | 2 days before | x | x | x | x |
2 | 27 | x (b) | x | x | Caesarean | No | B/B/B | x/0/x | x | x | x | − (l) |
3–13 | 44 | x | x | x | x | 3/11 | B | x/x | >106 (n=3) (e) <106 (n=3) | x | x | x |
14 | 36 | x (c) | x | x | Caesarean | No | B | x | x | x | x | x |
15 | 26 | x | x | x | x | Yes | x | x | 106 | x | x | x |
16 | 26 | x | x | x | x | Yes | x | x | 103 | x | x | x |
17 | 26 | x | x | x | x | Yes | x | x | 104 | x | x | x |
18 | 26 | x | x | x | x | Yes | x | x | 106 | x | x | x |
19* | 33 | ND | NA | NA | Caesarean | Yes | ES/B and ES | 0/2 | x | Yes (i) | x | x |
20 | 41 | − | x | x | Caesarean | No | E | x | x | Yes (h) | x | x |
21* | 45 | x | x | x | Vaginal | Yes | E/E# | 0/x | x | Yes (i) | x | x |
22* | 45 | x | x | x | Caesarean | Yes | E | 0 | x | Yes (h) | x | x |
23 | 29 | − | 35 and 37 | Vagina/anus | Vaginal | No | B | 1, 2 and 3 | >106 | Yes (h) | x | x |
24* | 38 | + | 30 | Vagina | Vaginal | Yes | E/E | x/1 | x | No (g) | x | x |
25* | 38 | + | 30 | Vagina | Vaginal | Yes | E | 28 | x | No (g) | x | x |
26 | 37 | + | 34.5 | Vagina | x | x | B/B | x/0 | x | No (f) | − | x |
27 | 37 | + | 36 | Vagina | x | x | B | 2 | x | No (f) | + | + (0 day) |
28 | 32 | − | 30 (labour) | Vagina/anus | Vaginal | No | No/E | x/0 | x | Yes (k) | x | x |
29 | 31 | + (d) | x | x | Caesarean | Yes | B/B | x/0 | x | x | x | − (m) |
30* | 31 | x | x | x | Caesarean | Yes | B | 0 | x | Yes (h) | x | x |
31* | 31 | x | x | x | Caesarean | Yes | B | 2 days before | x | Yes (h) | x | x |
32 | 31 | x | x | x | Caesarean | No | B | 0 | x | Yes (h) | x | x |
33 | 23 | ND | NA | NA | x | Yes | x/x | x/x | x | x | x | x |
34 | 34 | + | 36 | Vagina/anus | Caesarean | No | B | x | x | No | x | x |
35 | 43 | − | 32 | Vagina | Vaginal | No | E | 4, 22 and 26 | x | Yes (h) | ND | − (o) |
36 | 43 | − | x | Vagina | Vaginal | No | B/B | ND/3 | x | Yes (k) | + | x |
37 | 43 | ND | NA | NA | Caesarean | No | B | 7 | x | Yes (h) | − | − (p) |
38 | 43 | − | x | Vagina | Vaginal | No | B | 2 | x | Yes (h) | ND | − (0 day) |
39 | 39 | − | 36 | Vagina/anus | x | Yes | B | x | x | x | x | x |
40 | 42 | ND | NA | NA | x | No | ES/ES/ES | x/x/x | x | Yes (j) | x | x |
41* | 28 | − | 26 (labour) | Vagina | Caesarean | No | E/E | x/x | >105 | Yes (i) | x | x |
42* | 28 | − | 26 (labour) | Vagina | Caesarean | No | E | x | >105 | Yes (h) | x | x |
43* | 28 | − | 26 (labour) | Vagina | Caesarean | No | E | x | >105 | Yes (h) | x | x |
44 | 25 | x | x | x | Vaginal | Yes | x | x | x | Yes (h) | x | − (n) |
45 | 24 | x | x | x | Vaginal | Yes | x | x | x | x | x | x |
46 | 24 | x | x | x | x | No | x | x | x | x | x | x |
47 | 40 | + | x | Vagina | Vaginal | No | x/B/P | x/0/x | x | No (g) | x | − (h) |
48 | 35 | x | x | x | Vaginal | Yes | B/B | x/0 | x | Yes (i) | x | x |
(a) Breast milk culture was positive for GBS in all cases except cases 14, 22 and 34 and at the time of the first episode of infection in case 21, for which GBS was detected in breast milk by PCR. (b) Culture of rectovaginal swab was positive at the first recurrence. (c) Culture of rectovaginal swab was positive at infection of the infant. (d) Culture of vaginal swab taken 2 months after recurrent episode was positive. (e) The three women presented mastitis. (f) Temporary cessation of breast feeding. (g) Pasteurisation of breast milk. Breast feeding was stopped at the time of the first LONI episode (h), after a recurrence of LONI (i), after a second recurrence of LONI (j) or after LONI following EOI (k). (l) After the third infection. (m) Two months after last LONI. (n) During LONI. (o) Three weeks after infection. (p) Before and after infection.
*Indicates twins or triplets.
−, negative; +, positive; B, breast feeding; E#, expressed milk boiled for 1 min; E, expressed milk; ES, expressed stored milk; EOI, early-onset infection; GBS, group B Streptococcus; LONI, late-onset neonatal infections; NA, not applicable; ND, not determined; P, pasteurised milk; S, stored milk; x, not specified.