| Study ID | Design | Measurement of ETS exposure | Recording of ETS exposure | Setting | Inclusion criteria | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale | ||||||
| Adamek 200418 | Retrospective study | Domestic, occupational | Biochemical, self-report | Poland 2 maternity units | Singleton birth, ⩾22 gestation | 6 | ||||||
| Ahlborg 199119 | Prospective cohort | Domestic, occupational | Self-report | Sweden 1 centre prenatal care | First pregnancy, no continuous medication for illnesses | 8 | ||||||
| Ahluwalia 199720 | Prospective cohort | Domestic | Self-report | Two US states 1989–94 | Singleton birth, low income | 6 | ||||||
| Borlee 197821 | Case–control | Domestic | Self-report | Southern Belgium 8 hospitals | Used cases and controls from a previous study of malformations | 4 | ||||||
| Brooke 198922 | Prospective cohort | Domestic | Self-report | London, UK 1 hospital | White women, English speaking, ⩽24 weeks booking, single pregnancy | 5 | ||||||
| Campbell 198823 | Retrospective study | Domestic | Self-report | Southampton, UK | 1 in 10 random sample of Caucasian babies | 6 | ||||||
| Chen 198924 | Retrospective study | Domestic | Self-report | Shanghai 1 June to 31 Dec 1981 | Non-smoking mothers | 4 | ||||||
| Chen 199525 | Case–control | Any exposure | Self-report | California, USA 1 Jan and 30 Sept 1991 | White women, non-smokers, singleton births, English speaking | 7 | ||||||
| Ciesla 200426 | Case–control | Domestic, occupational | Self-report | Poland 26 maternity wards | SGA cases, controls attended same unit as cases | 6 | ||||||
| Comstock 196727 | Retrospective study | Domestic | Self-report | USA 1953–63 | Systematic sample of birth, non-smoking women, local resident | 4 | ||||||
| Dejin-Karlsson 199828 | Prospective cohort | Domestic, occupational | Self-report | Sweden Sept 1991 – Sept 1992 | First pregnancy, living in Malmo, attending 1 of 4 clinics, singleton livebirth | 8 | ||||||
| Dejmek 200229 | Retrospective study | Domestic | Self-report | Czech Republic, 2 districts Apr 1994 – Mar 1999 | Singleton birth, complete smoking data | 6 | ||||||
| Drozdz 198830 | Retrospective study | Domestic | Biochemical, self-report | Poland | Singleton pregnancies, no complications with normal delivery | 5 | ||||||
| Fantuzzi 200731 | Case–control | Domestic | Self-report | Italy Oct 1999 – Sept 2000 | Caucasian pregnant women, singleton birth, no congenital malformations | 8 | ||||||
| Fortier 199432 | Retrospective study | Domestic, occupational | Self-report | Quebec, Canada 1 Jan to Oct 1989 | Non-smoking women, singleton livebirth ⩾500 g | 5 | ||||||
| Goel 200433 | Retrospective study | Domestic | Self-report | Northwestern India 1 hospital | Consecutively enrolled singleton births in non-smoking women | 6 | ||||||
| Haddow 198834 | Prospective cohort | Domestic, occupational | Biochemical | Maine USA Dec 1984 – Mar 1985 | Non-smoking white pregnant women, part of α-fetoprotein screening programme | 9 | ||||||
| Hanke 199935 | Retrospective study | Domestic, occupational | Self-report | Central Poland 26 hospitals Jun 1996 – May 1997 | Non-smoking pregnant women delivering on randomly selected days, singleton birth, no malformation, ⩾22 weeks’ gestation, no maternal comorbidity | 6 | ||||||
| Hanke 200436 | Prospective cohort | Domestic, occupational | Biochemical, self-report | Poland 10 units in Lodz Apr 1997 – Apr 1998 | Consecutively enrolled women at antenatal care units, complete data, no chronic disease | 8 | ||||||
| Hegaard 200637 | Prospective cohort | All exposures | Self-report | Denmark Nov 1996 – Apr 1998 | Non-smoking pregnant women, ⩾37 weeks’ gestation, singleton birth, no psychiatric disorders | 6 | ||||||
| Hong 200338 | Retrospective study | Domestic | Biochemical, self-report | Korea 3 areas Oct 2000 – Feb 2001 | Non-smoking women, singleton births, local resident, no comorbidities | 6 | ||||||
| Hruba 200039 | Retrospective study | Domestic, occupational | Self-report | Czech Republic Brno obstetric clinics | Singleton births on selected days | 3 | ||||||
| Janghorbani 199840 | Retrospective study | Domestic | Self-report | Iran 1 hospital Jun – Dec 1994 | Random sample, consecutive non-smoking women with live, full term ⩾2000 g singleton, no fetal defects or illnesses | 4 | ||||||
| Jedrychowski 199641 | Retrospective study | Domestic, occupational | Self-report | Poland | Data from children of school age | 5 | ||||||
| Jedrychowski 200442 | Prospective cohort | Domestic | Self-report | New York and Krakow, USA Jan 2001 – Mar 2003 | 34–42 weeks’ gestation, non-smoking women, 18–35 years, no chronic diseases | 7 | ||||||
| Karakostov 198543 | Prospective cohort | Any exposure | Self-report | Bulgaria | Pregnant women who work in an area of developed chemical industry and pregnant women in Varna | N/E | ||||||
| Kharrazi 200444 | Prospective cohort | Any exposure | Biochemical, self-report (subsample) | Central California, USA 11 counties April 1992 | Mexican, non-Hispanic or white pregnant women, part of α-fetoprotein prenatal screening programme | 9 | ||||||
| Kutlu 200245 | Retrospective study | Domestic | Biochemical, self-report | Turkey 3 hospitals | Available placentas | 4 | ||||||
| Lazzaroni 199046 | Retrospective study | Domestic, occupational | Self-report | Italy 8 cities Feb – Sept 89 | Livebirths, ⩾37 weeks’ gestation, ⩾2000 g birth weight, no malformations | 6 | ||||||
| Luciano 199847 | Prospective cohort | Domestic, occupational | Self-report | Italy | Singleton, full term, non-high-risk hospitalised pregnant women, no intercurrent illnesses | 3 | ||||||
| MacMahon 196548 | Retrospective study | Domestic | Self-report | USA May – June 1963 | Singleton, white, legitimate, livebirths | 4 | ||||||
| Manious 199449 | Retrospective study | Domestic, occupational | Self-report | National Health Interview Survey in USA using multistage probability sampling | All women who gave birth within 6 years of interview and non-smokers during pregnancy | 6 | ||||||
| Martin 198650 | Prospective cohort | Domestic | Self-report | USA Yale–New Haven Hospital May 1980 – Mar 1982 | First prenatal visit resulting in live singleton newborn, English speaking | 8 | ||||||
| Martinez 199451 | Retrospective study | Domestic | Self-report | TUSCON Children’s Respiratory Study | Newborns <1 month post delivery | 5 | ||||||
| Mathai 199052 | Retrospective cohort | Domestic | Biochemical, self-report | Liverpool, UK 1 centre Jan – Mar 1987 | White, European women resulting in singleton livebirth, locally delivered | 6 | ||||||
| Mathai 199253 | Retrospective study | Domestic | Self-report | South India Teaching hospital Jan – May 1990 | Consecutive singleton livebirths, non-smoking women | 6 | ||||||
| Matsubara 200054 | Prospective cohort | Any exposure | Self-report | Japan 4 health centres in Nagoya April 1989 – March 1991 | Any women notified to be pregnant between dates, singleton pregnancy | 7 | ||||||
| Mau 197455 | Prospective cohort | Domestic | Self-report | Germany, 20 obstetric and paediatric clinics | Pregnant women from the Pregnancy and Child Development study | 5 | ||||||
| Nafstad 199856 | Case–control | Any exposure | Biochemical | Norway 1 hospital 1995 | Single births >28 weeks’ gestation, no severe malformations, no intensive care after birth | 7 | ||||||
| Nakamura 198857 | Retrospective study | Domestic, occupational | Self-report | Japan Jul 1984 – Jun 1986 | Singleton livebirth | 6 | ||||||
| Nakamura 200458 | Retrospective study | Domestic, occupational | Self-report | Brazil 1 hospital 2001 | Randomly selected pregnant women, no ectopic or pathological pregnancy terminated before delivery | 4 | ||||||
| Ogawa 199159 | Retrospective study | Any exposure | Self-report | Japan 146 private and public practices and hospital clinics June – Aug 1987 | Singleton live, full-term births without malformation | 6 | ||||||
| Pan 199260 | Prospective cohort | Domestic, occupational | Self-report | China July 1989 to May 1990 | Non-smoking pregnant women | 5 | ||||||
| Peacock 199861 | Prospective cohort | Any exposure | Biochemical, self-report | UK 1 hospital Aug 1982 – Mar 1984 | Consecutive series of women booking for antenatal care, white, English speaking, ⩾15 years old | 7 | ||||||
| Perera 200462 | Prospective cohort | Domestic | Biochemical, self-report | USA 4 areas | Non-smoking women, 18–35 years, African, American or Dominican ⩾1 year residence | 8 | ||||||
| Rashid 200363 | Retrospective study | Domestic | Self-report | Saudi Arabia 1 hospital Jan – Dec 2001 | Singleton livebirths, non-smoking mother | 5 | ||||||
| Rebagliato 199564 | Prospective cohort | Any exposure | Biochemical, self-report | Spain 1 hospital Sept 1989 to Sept 1991 | Consecutive sample, >24 weeks’ gestation, singleton livebirth, non-smoking women | 9 | ||||||
| Roquer 199565 | Retrospective study | Domestic, occupational | Self-report | Spain 1 hospital | Mother selected during labour, singleton birth, no comorbid conditions | 2 | ||||||
| Sadler 199966 | Prospective cohort | Domestic, occupational | Self-report | USA 1988–92 | Singleton birth, non-smoking mothers, English speaking, no diabetes | 8 | ||||||
| Saito 199167 | Retrospective study | Domestic | Self-report | Tokyo Japan | Singleton pregnancies | N/E | ||||||
| Schwartzbickenbach 198768 | Retrospective study | Domestic | Self-report | West Berlin, Germany 3 hospitals | Selected sample of postnatal women | 2 | ||||||
| Steyn 200669 | Prospective cohort | Domestic | Self-report | Johannesburg and Soweto 1990 | Singleton livebirths | 6 | ||||||
| Ward 200770 | Retrospective study | Domestic | Self-report | UK 2000–2 | Singletons from the Millennium Birth Cohort | 6 | ||||||
| Windham 199911 | Retrospective study | Domestic, occupational | Self-report | USA 1986–7 | Singleton livebirths | 6 | ||||||
| Windham 200071 | Prospective cohort | Domestic, occupational | Self-report | USA 1990–1 | >18 years old, ⩽12 week gestation, English/ Spanish speaking, singleton livebirth | 8 | ||||||
| Wu 200772 | Prospective cohort | Domestic | Self-report | China 1996 to 2000 | Full-time working, newly married, age 20–34 years, permission to conceive | 7 | ||||||
| Wu 200773 | Prospective cohort | Domestic, occupational | Self-report | Taiwan 3 central hospitals | Singleton livebirth | 6 | ||||||
| Zhang 199374 | Retrospective study | Domestic | Self-report | China 29 hospitals Oct 1986 to Sept 1987 | ⩾37 weeks’ gestation, singleton birth, non-smoking mother | 6 |
N/E, could not assess methodological quality of paper due to its translation.
ETS, environmental tobacco smoke; SGA, small for gestational age.