| Boys/girls | 47/37 |
| Gestational age (weeks), median (range) | 30 (25+1–41+2) |
| Birth weight (g), median (range) | 1768 (550–3940) |
| NICU length of stay (days), median (range) | 6 (1–106) |
| No. of painful procedures/newborn, median (range) | 9 (0–47) |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 17 (20) |
| Surgical procedures,* n (%) | 6 (7) |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 18 (21) |
| Nasal continuous positive airway pressure, n (%) | 55 (65) |
| Opioid treatment, n (%) | 16 (19) |
| Ibuprofen/indometacin n (%) | 20 (24) |
*Surgical correction of gastric malrotation in 1 newborn, ventriculoperitoneal shunt positioning for tetra ventricular hydrocephalus in 1 newborn, surgical correction of a hypoplastic aortic arch in 1 newborn, Broviac catheter placement in 1 newborn, and surgical correction of myelomeningocoele in 2 infants.