Studies examining long-term cognitive outcomes after neonatal encephalopathy or perinatal asphyxia (discussed in the text)
| Study | Ref no | Type | Inclusion criteria | No of cases | Age at f/u (years) | Neurodevelopmental tests carried out |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABC, Assessment Battery for Children; Apgar, adaptability, partnership, growth, affection, resolve; BAS-II, British Ability Scales school age battery; BD, base deficit; BSID-II MDI, Mental Development Index of Bayley’s Scale of Infant Development; C, cohort; CC, case–control; COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association Test; EAT, Edinburgh Articulation Test; ESAP, Edmonton Spelling Abilities Test; f/u, follow up; KDAT, Keymath Diagnostic Arithmetic Test; MSRI, McCracken Standard Reading Inventory; NE, neonatal encephalopathy; NESPY, Neuropsychological Assessment Scale; PB CC, population-based case–control; PPVT, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test; RAVLT, Rey’s Auditory Verbal Learning Test; RDLS, Reynell Developmental Language Scales; UA, umbilical artery; VMI, Developmental Test of Visual–Motor Integration; WISC, Wechsler Intelligence Scale Test for Children; WPPSI-R, Wechsler Pre-School and Primary Scale of Intelligence—Revised. | ||||||
| Studies that include functional motor deficits | ||||||
| Dixon et al, 2002 | 11 | PB CC | Moderate or severe NE | 195 | 1–2 | Griffiths Mental Developmental Scale |
| Marlow et al, 2005 | 12 | C | Moderate or severe NE | 65 | 7 | BAS-II, NEPSY, Behaviour Questionnaire |
| Barnett et al, 2002 | 14 | C | Apgar⩽5 at 5 min and NE | 53 | 5–6 | Touwen, Movement ABC, WPPSI-R |
| Miller et al, 2004 | 18 | C | NE or UA pH<7.1, UA BD>10 or 5 min Apgar⩽5 | 68 | 2.5 | BSID-II MDI |
| Naeye and Peters, 1987 | 38 | C | Fetal, intrapartum or neonatal hypoxia | 19 117 | 7 | WISC |
| D’Souza et al, 1981 | 43 | C | Apgar⩽1 at 1 min | 26 | 2.5 | Hearing, RDLS, EAT |
| Robertson et al, 1989 | 15 | CC | Mild, moderate or severe NE | 145 | 8 | WISC, PPVT, VMI, MSRI, ESAT, KDAT |
| Studies that exclude functional motor deficits | ||||||
| Maneru et al, 2001 | 13 | CC | Apgar⩽6, UA pH⩽7.15, meconium, bradycardia, respiratory distress, abnormal neuro exam | 28 | Teen | RAVLT, WISC, COWAT |
| Moster et al, 2001 | 17 | PB CC | NE or low Apgars | 727 | 8–13 | Questionnaire |
| Stevens et al, 1999 | 39 | C | Initial arterial pH 7.1–7.3 | 48 | 4–7 | WPPSI-R |
| Handley-Derry et al, 1997 | 40 | CC | UA BD>12 mmol/l, no or minor NE | 48 | 4–8 | Motor, cognitive development; memory, behaviour |