Treatment effect analysis of outcomes with water minus outcomes with S25
| Variable | Estimated treatment effect | 95% CI | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| For physiological criteria (HR, heart rate; Sao2, oxygen saturation) and crying times, phase 1 = pre-procedure phase, phase 2 = procedure phase, and phase 3 = post-procedure phase. For NFCS (neonatal facial action coding system), phase 1 = 30 seconds before hand holding, phase 2 = hand holding to needle insertion, and phase 3 = 30 seconds from needle insertion. S25, 25% sucrose solution. | |||
| HR change from phase 1 (mean) to phase 2 (mean) (beats/min) | 7.5 | 2.8 to 12.2 | 0.003 |
| HR change from phase 1 (mean) to phase 3 (mean) (beats/min) | 4.16 | 0.29 to 8.03 | 0.036 |
| HR change from last 2 readings of phase 1 to first 2 readings of phase 2 (beats/min) | 4.6 | 0.3 to 8.9 | 0.038 |
| Sao2 change from phase 1 (mean) to phase 2 (mean) (%) | 0.61 | 0.27 to −1.5 | 0.17 |
| Duration of first cry (s) | 33.7 | 16.2 to 51.3 | <0.001 |
| Total duration of crying (s) | 40.6 | 19.3 to 62.0 | <0.001 |
| NFCS change from phase 1 to phase 3 | 2.39 | 1.25 to 3.52 | <0.001 |
| NFCS change from phase 1 to phase 2 | 1.08 | 0.24 to 1.91 | 0.013 |