Differential diagnosis of increased nucleated red bloods cells in the fetus and newborn
I. Physiological |
Labour and vaginal births |
Preterm newborns |
Post-term newborns |
II. Increased erythropoiesis |
Chronic hypoxia |
Growth restriction |
Maternal pre-eclampsia |
Maternal smoking |
Anaemia |
Blood loss |
Haemolysis—ABO or Rh isoimmunization, other |
Maternal diabetes |
Other |
Leukaemia |
Down's syndrome |
TORCH infections |
III. Acute stress release |
Acute hypoxia |
Subacute hypoxia |
Chorioamnionitis |
IV. Postnatal hypoxia |
Cyanotic heart disease |
Pulmonary failure |
V. Idiopathic |
TORCH, Toxoplasma, other viruses, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes.