@article {Sandfetalneonatal-2021-322390, author = {Laura Sand and Lisa Szatkowski and T{\textquoteright}ng Chang Kwok and Don Sharkey and David A Todd and Helen Budge and Shalini Ojha}, title = {Observational cohort study of changing trends in non-invasive ventilation in very preterm infants and associations with clinical outcomes}, elocation-id = {fetalneonatal-2021-322390}, year = {2021}, doi = {10.1136/archdischild-2021-322390}, publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group}, abstract = {Objective To determine the change in non-invasive ventilation (NIV) use over time in infants born at \<32 weeks{\textquoteright} gestation and the associated clinical outcomes.Study design Retrospective cohort study using routinely recorded data from the National Neonatal Research Database of infants born at \<32 weeks admitted to neonatal units in England and Wales from 2010 to 2017.Results In 56 537 infants, NIV use increased significantly between 2010 and 2017 (continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) from 68.5\% to 80.2\% in 2017 and high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) from 14\% to 68\%, respectively) (p\<0.001)). Use of NIV as the initial mode of respiratory support also increased (CPAP, 21.5\%{\textendash}28.0\%; HFNC, 1\%{\textendash}7\% (p\<0.001)).HFNC was used earlier, and for longer, in those who received CPAP or mechanical ventilation. HFNC use was associated with decreased odds of death before discharge (adjusted OR (aOR) 0.19, 95\% CI 0.17 to 0.22). Infants receiving CPAP but no HFNC died at an earlier median chronological age: CPAP group, 22 (IQR 10{\textendash}39) days; HFNC group 40 (20{\textendash}76) days (p\<0.001). Among survivors, HFNC use was associated with increased odds of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (aOR 2.98, 95\% CI 2.81 to 3.15) and other adverse outcomes.Conclusions NIV use is increasing, particularly as initial respiratory support. HFNC use has increased significantly with a sevenfold increase soon after birth which was associated with higher rates of BPD. As more infants survive with BPD, we need robust clinical evidence, to improve outcomes with the use of NIV as initial and ongoing respiratory support.Data are available on reasonable request. Data may be obtained from a third party through the National Neonatal Research Database with relevant approvals. The National Neonatal Research Database is a National Data Asset, a registry containing the Neonatal Data Set (a National Data Standard). Details of data items are searchable at the following webpage: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/information-standards/information-standards-and-data-collections-including-extractions/publications-and-notifications/standards-and-collections/isb-1595-neonatal-data-set.}, issn = {1359-2998}, URL = {https://fn.bmj.com/content/early/2021/08/18/archdischild-2021-322390}, eprint = {https://fn.bmj.com/content/early/2021/08/18/archdischild-2021-322390.full.pdf}, journal = {Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition} }