Article Text
Abstract
Objective In adult patients with acute respiratory failure, nasal high-flow (NHF) therapy at the time of intubation can decrease the duration of hypoxia. The objective of this pilot study was to calculate duration of peripheral oxygen saturation below 75% during single and multiple intubation attempts in order to inform development of a larger definitive trial.
Design and setting This double-blinded randomised controlled pilot trial was conducted at a single, tertiary neonatal centre from October 2020 to October 2021.
Participants Infants undergoing oral intubation in neonatal intensive care were included. Infants with upper airway anomalies were excluded.
Interventions Infants were randomly assigned (1:1) to have NHF 6 L/min, FiO2 1.0 or NHF 0 L/min (control) applied during intubation, stratified by gestational age (<34 weeks vs ≥34 weeks).
Main outcome measures The primary outcome was duration of hypoxaemia of <75% up to the time of successful intubation,
Results 43 infants were enrolled (26 <34 weeks and 17 ≥34 weeks) with 50 intubation episodes. In infants <34 weeks’ gestation, median duration of SpO2 of <75% was 29 s (0–126 s) vs 43 s (0–132 s) (p=0.78, intervention vs control). Median duration of SpO2 of <75% in babies ≥34 weeks’ gestation was 0 (0–32 s) vs 0 (0–20 s) (p=0.9, intervention vs control).
Conclusion This pilot study showed that it is feasible to provide NHF during intubation attempts. No significant differences were noted in duration of oxygen saturation of <75% between groups; however, this trial was not powered to detect a difference. A larger, higher-powered blinded study is warranted.
- Neonatology
- Intensive Care Units, Neonatal
- Child Health
- Emergency Care
- Respiratory Medicine
Data availability statement
Data are available upon reasonable request. Data may be obtained from a third party and are not publicly available. Data are available from anna.curley@nmh.ie, upon reasonable request for uses approved by the study group.
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC
The SHINE trial (Stabilisation with nasal High flow during Intubation of NEonates)has recently demonstrated that nasal high-flow (NHF) therapy during intubation increases the rate of intubation without physiological instability compared with standard care.
WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS
This is the first blinded study of NHF therapy in infants. This study measures cumulative hypoxia rather than a binary outcome of oxygen saturation and bradycardia. It includes all intubation attempts and provides baseline data for powering a future trial.
HOW THIS STUDY MIGHT AFFECT RESEARCH, PRACTICE OR POLICY
Cumulative hypoxia is of greater clinical significance than a potentially brief one-time reduction in oxygen saturation below a certain target. A blinded trial using cumulative hypoxia as a primary outcome could help neonatologists decide whether NHF therapy is warranted beyond the first intubation attempt.
Introduction
Nasal high-flow (NHF) oxygen therapy is a standard, evidence-based treatment as primary respiratory therapy and postextubation support in spontaneously breathing infants.1 2 Among adults, NHF has also been shown to maintain blood oxygenation for a significant period of time during apnoeic conditions, including intubation.3 Neonatal intubation is often associated with repeated attempts and is often associated with physiological instability.4 Hypoxia (as defined by SpO2 of <90%) has been reported in up to 94% of infants during intubation, particularly those who are preterm.5 The recently completed SHINE trial has shown NHF was associated with increased success rates on first intubation attempt.6 Our objective was to determine whether apnoeic oxygenation with NHF7 would reduce the duration of hypoxia in neonates undergoing intubation.
Methods
Study design
This was a single-centre, double-blinded, randomised controlled feasibility trial. It was conducted at the National Maternity Hospital, a tertiary perinatal centre with approximately 8000 deliveries and 1500 admissions per year, from October 2020 to October 2021.
Participants
Infants with respiratory failure undergoing oral endotracheal intubation in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were eligible for inclusion. Our NICU performs oral intubation as standard. Hypoxaemic acute respiratory failure was defined as clinical signs (worsening tachypnoea and recession), acidosis pH of <7.2 on two gases of ≥30 min apart, oxygen: FiO2 >0.4 to keep SpO2 >90% for >30 min, carbon dioxide: PaCO2 >9 kPa on two blood gases of ≥30 min apart, apnoea: recurrent apnoea treated with positive pressure ventilation. Infants were excluded if they had upper airway anomalies contraindicating the use of NHF therapy. Infants were also excluded if the treating clinician deemed exclusion necessary. As this was a pragmatic study to establish cumulative duration of hypoxia, infants could be randomised more than once.
Randomisation
Infants were randomly assigned (1:1) to intervention or control groups, stratified by gestational age (<34 weeks vs ≥34 weeks). The group assignment schedule was generated using a random numbers table,8 in blocks of 4. Group allocation was contained in sequentially numbered, opaque envelopes.
Intervention
Infants randomised to the intervention group had appropriately sized, NHF cannulae (Optiflow Junior, Fisher and Paykel, Auckland, New Zealand) placed in their nares for the duration of each intubation attempt. The NHF (Fabien Therapy Evolution; Acutronic Medical Systems AG, Hirzel, Switzerland) was set at a flow of 6 L/min and FiO2 of 1.0 in keeping with local unit practice. The cannulae were temporarily secured to the baby’s face using the inner half of the hydrocolloid adhesive pad supplied with the device to facilitate quick removal following intubation and in between attempts. A mannequin trial conducted prior to the pilot study demonstrated that an effective mask seal was not possible with NHF cannulae in situ. The NHF cannulae were removed after each attempt and reattached at the start of any subsequent attempts. Infants randomised to the control group had appropriately sized NHF cannulae (Optiflow Junior, Fisher and Paykel) placed, but no flow administered during laryngoscopy. All infants received premedication with fentanyl, atropine and suxamethonium as per standard unit practice. The size of the endotracheal tube, choice of direct or video laryngoscopy, and criteria for stopping each attempt were at the discretion of the attending consultant. Endotracheal tube placement was confirmed by a colorimetric exhaled carbon dioxide detector (Pedicap; Nellcor Puritan Bennett, Pleasanton, California, USA). A chest radiograph was performed to confirm tube position.
Blinding
Infants in both groups had nasal cannulae placed in their nares and a suction tube placed adjacent to their head to blind the noise of air flow. For the first 10 study participants, intubating clinicians were asked if they could identify which study arm the baby was randomised to, but they were unable to in all cases, indicating sufficient blinding. Additionally, the NHF device interface was covered by study personnel randomising the baby to conceal flow settings. Data were transferred using VSCaptureMP, a C# application designed to capture data from Phillips Intellivue monitors. Haemodynamic data were written on a second-by-second basis to a .csv file including a timestamp, heart rate as measured by pulse oximeter, heart rate as measured by ECG leads, oxygen saturations for each probe attached, perfusion index, invasive blood pressure and respiratory rate. The study was blinded for data analysis.
Outcome measures
The primary outcome was the length of time in seconds where infants had SpO2 below 75% during laryngoscopy and attempted intubation. This was determined by allowing for a 20% drop in oxygen saturations from an expected preintubation oxygen saturation of 95%, the upper threshold of the unit preterm oxygen saturation target as informed by the SUPPORT (Surfactant, Positive Pressure, and Oxygenation Randomized Trial) trial.9 If more than one intubation attempt was required, the cumulative time below 75% SpO2 during laryngoscopy and attempted/successful intubation was recorded.
Secondary outcome variables included markers of oxygenation quality including duration (seconds) of SpO2 of >85% and 65%, lowest oxygen saturation during procedure, bradycardia defined as heart rate of <80 beats/min, lowest heart rate, number of intubation attempts, time to successful intubation (seconds) and mortality rate by day 28 following recruitment to study.
Sample size
At the time of study design, there were no published data available to determine cumulative length of hypoxia during intubation, and this pilot trial was designed to power a future multicentre study of NHF therapy. A pragmatic sample size of 50 intubation episodes was chosen to establish the total duration of hypoxia during intubation attempt(s).
Data collection and management
We collected demographic data including age, sex, weight, mode of delivery, antenatal corticosteroids and indication for intubation. Intubation factors such as operator experience and use of video or direct laryngoscopy were also recorded. Outcomes included duration of SpO2 of <75%, as well as additional markers of oxygenation quality including duration of low oxygen saturation and bradycardia (table 1). We collected data on the number of intubation attempts and time to successful intubation (seconds).
Statistical methods
Data were formatted and aggregated using anonymised study IDs. Due to non-normality of the data, non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to compare the control and intervention groups for the outcomes. We carried out a post hoc regression analysis to assess rates of desaturation between groups. Intention-to-treat analysis was used. Statistical analysis was performed before unblinding to allocation using Matlab V.2019a.
Analysis of secondary outcomes
The χ2 test (or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate) was used for secondary binary outcomes. Continuous variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test.
Results
Forty-eight infants were recruited to the study from October 2020 to October 2021. In five instances, no data were available due to data corruption or equipment failure. Recruitment to the pilot study ceased once 50 intubation episodes (from 43 infants) with adequate data were obtained. There were 26 infants <34 weeks recruited (33 intubation episodes). No repeat intubations were required in the 17 infants ≥34 weeks. Data on enrolment are outlined in figure 1. Baseline characteristics are presented in table 2. Overall, there were 30 babies with SpO2 of <75%, 35 with SpO2 of <85% and 24 with SpO2 of <65%. In infants <34 weeks’ gestation, median duration of SpO2 below 75% during intubation was 29 s (0–126 s) vs 43 s (0–132 s) (p=0.78) in the intervention group versus the control group. Median duration of SpO2 below 75% in infants ≥34 weeks was 0 s (0–32 s) vs 0 s (0–20 s) (p=0.9). For secondary outcomes, see table 1. Both infants with bradycardia of <80 beats/min demonstrated significant hypoxia (SpO2 of 25% and 32%) prior to onset of bradycardia. Median SpO2 levels fell below 75% at approximately 1 min in infants <34 and ≥34 weeks who were not intubated in the first minute (see figure 2). Operator experience and use of video versus direct laryngoscopy are reported in table 1.
Figure 2 presents median SpO2 for the intervention and control groups within each cohort over time. Estimated rate of desaturation in all attempts in the preterm intervention group was 3.9% vs 5.1% with the Chow test for structural stability showing a significant difference (p<0.01). Rate of desaturation for the intervention arm was 3.4% every 10 s compared with 4.6% per 10 s for the control arm (p<0.001) for infants <34+0 weeks. We also carried out a post hoc analysis to replicate the primary outcome used in the SHINE trial6 (20% reduction in SpO2 from baseline and/or heart rate of <100 beats/min; see table 1.)
Discussion
Neonatal intubation is an essential procedure that all neonatologists need to be competent and proficient in performing. The procedure in this population is complicated not just by the small size of the baby but also by the unique physiology of the newb,orn which leads to decreased reserve and less apnoeic tolerance during laryngoscopy.10–16 As infants are surviving at lower gestational ages and birth weights than before, the procedure is only likely to become more challenging. As the difficulty increases, procedural experience is decreasing due to greater use of non-invasive ventilation, a reduction in working hours and significantly increased numbers of not just trainees but also consultants.17–20 In response to this, many strategies have been employed to try and either reduce the need for intubation,21–23 provide greater stability medically during the procedure24 25 or improve education and therefore proficiency of the intubator.26–36 Despite these strategies, intubation remains a problem and by comparison to adult studies our population show high rates of physiological instability and adverse events.5 37–40
Our challenge is to keep infants stable during an apnoeic procedure of variable length, difficulty and operator experience. In designing our study, we hypothesised that duration rather than incidence of hypoxia would be of greater clinical significance for the baby and chose this as our primary outcome. Our study was designed as a feasibility study and to provide a measure of cumulative hypoxia in both groups to allow for powering of a larger study, while this study was underpowered it allowed us to calculate background duration of hypoxia in each arm in order to inform a proposed larger study. When we also apply a post hoc analysis using the primary outcome as defined by SHINE6 (reduction of 20% in SpO2 and/or bradycardia OF <100 beats/min), our study showed results in the same direction while statistically insignificant.
As described in our methodology, we modified the standard (lengthier) technique for application of the NHF cannulae reducing time taken to secure/remove the cannulae to 2–3 s. This allowed us to carry out a sham procedure, placing the nasal cannulae in the nares without flow in an effort to blind the intubating clinicians (without causing nasal obstruction) before laryngoscopy was commenced.
Our trial aimed to decrease duration of hypoxia; to facilitate this analysis, we chose to include infants who were genuinely apnoeic, following premedication with a muscle relaxant, and did not include intubations in the delivery unit. We also did not include bradycardia in addition to hypoxia in the primary outcome as the incidence of bradycardia following atropine is low. The recently published SHINE trial6 has demonstrated that using NHF therapy improves the likelihood of successful intubation in the first attempt without physiological instability. The SHINE trial was not designed to evaluate NHF therapy beyond the first intubation attempt, however, or the duration rather than incidence of physiological instability. Many infants will not be intubated on first attempt, and these infants are at higher risk of hypoxia. We used NHF therapy in all intubation attempts rather than just on first attempt. We noted that physiological instability appeared to increase with increasing number of intubation attempts particularly when inexperienced operators were involved, although our numbers are too small to draw definitive conclusions.
In terms of likely mechanisms, we noted that the rate of desaturation appeared to decrease with use of NHF therapy in the preterm infant and postulated that greater success may be related to the increased time allowed for intubation.
Strengths and weaknesses
Our study is the first study of NHF therapy to attempt blinding of NHF during laryngoscopy and intubation. We were able to collect second-by-second physiological data on all intubation attempts, but we did not monitor transcutaneous pO2, which could provide additional information on hyperoxia. We included both term and preterm infants in our study. Although we did not show a difference in duration of hypoxia across all attempts, the rate of decline in oxygen saturation appeared to be faster in the control group and may be of clinical significance. Variables such as operator experience and use of direct compared with videolaryngoscopy could not be controlled for in this small pilot study. We used an FiO2 of 1.0 for the intervention, but as the median FiO2 before intubation was 0.4 in our cohort, it may be more appropriate to follow the guideline as per the SHINE trial (starting at current FiO2 requirement and increasing as required) for future use of high flow in this setting.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we believe this study adds to a growing body of work designed to inform practice in this high-risk procedure in a vulnerable cohort. We have demonstrated that it is feasible to provide NHF therapy to infants during intubation attempts and describe how we adapted the current fixation device in order to quickly transition between attempts. A larger, appropriately powered, blinded trial of NHF therapy beyond the first intubation attempt is warranted as while the SHINE trial has demonstrated efficacy in the first intubation attempt, those infants requiring subsequent attempts represent a subpopulation who warrant further analysis.
Data availability statement
Data are available upon reasonable request. Data may be obtained from a third party and are not publicly available. Data are available from anna.curley@nmh.ie, upon reasonable request for uses approved by the study group.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Ethics approval
This study involves human participants and was approved by the National Maternity Hospital Research Ethics Committee and permitted deferred consent as an emergency procedure in April 2019 (reference EC 08.2019). As an emergency procedure, the ethics committee allowed for consent to be taken retrospectively, which was done so with a patient information leaflet and consent form.
References
Footnotes
Correction notice This article has been corrected since it was first published. The open access licence has been updated to CC BY.
Contributors JF collected data, performed the analyses and data interpretation, and wrote and revised the manuscript. CMM and CMNC collected data and wrote and revised the manuscript. SM and JRP collected data and reviewed and revised the manuscript. AC conceptualised the research question, supervised this research activity, collected data, and wrote and revised the manuscript. AC is guarantor.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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