To investigate the effect of ventilation rate on respiratory mechanics, 21 neonates ventilated in the neonatal period for various reasons were studied while being ventilated at 30 and 80 breaths/min. Dynamic respiratory system elasticity (ERS), dynamic respiratory system resistance (RRS), and alveolar pressure at end expiration (EEP) were calculated by using multilinear regression to fit the equation of motion of a linear single-compartment model. Technically satisfactory data were obtained from 13 neonates. With the fast ventilation rate, tidal volume and RRS decreased by a mean of 41.3% (p < 0.01) and 17.5% (p < 0.01), respectively, ERS and EEP increased by a mean of 8.3% (p < 0.05) and 22.2% (p < 0.01), respectively. Fast ventilation produced a shorter effective time constant during expiration, limiting the changes in EEP and, hence, in end-expiratory lung volume. The same changes in respiratory mechanics were also observed in neonates who did not show an increase in EEP even at high frequency. These neonates had a high elastance and time constant short enough to ensure adequate lung emptying. These results suggest that the respiratory mechanics of ventilated neonates are frequency dependent and that neonates with higher ERS, such as those with hyaline membrane disease, can cope with fast rate ventilation without developing dynamic hyperinflation.