Clinical and laboratory observation
Perinatal cerebral infarction and maternal cocaine use

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    Other maternal factors associated with perinatal stroke are a history of infertility and primiparity (Lee et al., 2005a, b), as well as risk factors for maternal thrombosis such as obesity, older maternal age, family history of thromboembolic events, surgery, dehydration, shock, and prolonged bed rest (Hague and Dekker, 2003). Maternal cocaine or amphetamine use can lead to vasospasm and poor placental perfusion, and fetal exposure in utero is reportedly associated with ischemic perinatal stroke (Chasnoff et al., 1986; Heier et al., 1991), though more recent reports do not support this (Bauer et al., 2005). The role of the placenta seems crucial to the etiology of stroke, given that it is thought to be the origin of most emboli accessing the cerebral circulation and a site for inflammation.

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