Outcomes immediately following intervention: item scores* for items differing by group
| Randomised comparison | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Breast pump group | Hand expression group | p Value | |
| BSES items and scale | |||
| I can always comfortably breastfeed with my family members present | 3.2±1.3 | 3.8±1.2 | 0.058 |
| I can always know when to switch from one breast to the other | 3.2±1.2 | 2.6±1.3 | 0.080 |
| Total BSES | 3.4±0.8 | 3.4±0.7 | 0.994 |
| BMEE items and scale | |||
| I don't want anyone to see me (pumping/hand expressing) | 3.0±1.2 | 2.3±1.1 | 0.021 |
| The instructions for (using the pump/hand expressing) are clear | 4.1±0.9 | 4.5±0.5 | 0.036 |
| Total score, 11-item BMEE | 3.4±0.4 | 3.4±0.6 | 0.901 |
| Expressed milk volume (ml) | 2.9±7.7 | 0.8±1.4 | 0.136 |
| Weight change before feed to after feed (g) | 0.8±3.5 | 4.2±19.4 | 0.334 |
↵* Items scored on a 1–5 scale, from 1, strongly disagree to 5, strongly agree. p Values are for randomised assignment to breast pump compared to hand expression.
BMEE, breast milk expression experience; BSES, Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale.