Lifestyle factors |
Use of recreational drugs during pregnancy |
No | 1 | – | 0.486 | 1 | – | 0.495 |
Yes | 1.27 | 0.65 to 2.51 | | 1.27 | 0.64 to 2.50 | |
Smoking status |
Non-smoker | 1 | – | 0.027 | 1 | – | 0.082 |
Gave up before pregnancy | 0.86 | 0.67 to 1.09 | | 0.93 | 0.72 to 1.20 | |
Gave up in first trimester | 1.07 | 0.73 to 1.56 | | 1.12 | 0.76 to 1.66 | |
Smoker during pregnancy | 1.35 | 1.05 to 1.72 | | 1.38 | 1.04 to 1.84 | |
Alcohol use |
Non-drinker | 1 | – | 0.205 | 1 | – | 0.918 |
Gave up before pregnancy | 0.83 | 0.66 to 1.04 | | 1.02 | 0.78 to 1.34 | |
Gave up in first trimester | 0.78 | 0.61 to 0.99 | | 0.98 | 0.73 to 1.31 | |
Drank during pregnancy | 0.86 | 0.66 to 1.13 | | 1.08 | 0.79 to 1.48 | |
Daily consumption of five fruit and vegetables |
At least once a week | 1 | – | 0.022 | 1 | – | 0.027 |
Never | 1.31 | 1.04 to 1.64 | | 1.31 | 1.03 to 1.66 | |
Mediterranean diet factors |
≥1 | 1 | – | 0.052 | 1 | – | 0.036 |
None | 1.71 | 1.00 to 2.92 | | 1.81 | 1.04 to 3.14 | |
Socio-demographic factors |
Mother's age (years) |
<20 | | | | 1 | – | 0.585 |
20–29 | | | | 1.31 | 0.86 to 1.99 | |
30–39 | | | | 1.37 | 0.88 to 2.13 | |
40+ | | | | 1.32 | 0.71 to 2.45 | |
Mother's educational level |
Degree level and above | | | | 1 | – | 0.052 |
University-access level | | | | 1.29 | 1.00 to 1.66 | |
Upper secondary qualification | | | | 1.36 | 1.06 to 1.76 | |
No formal/lower secondary qualification | | | | 1.42 | 1.06 to 1.89 | |
Mother's ethnicity |
White | | | | 1 | – | 0.025 |
Mixed | | | | 1.70 | 0.97 to 2.99 | |
Asian or Asian British | | | | 1.54 | 1.13 to 2.11 | |
Black or Black British | | | | 1.36 | 0.89 to 2.08 | |
Chinese or other ethnic group | | | | 1.99 | 0.87 to 4.55 | |
Mother's BMI |
20.0–24.9 | | | | 1 | – | 0.001 |
<20 | | | | 1.12 | 0.75 to 1.67 | |
25.0–29.9 | | | | 0.80 | 0.64 to 1.00 | |
≥30 | | | | 0.58 | 0.45 to 0.76 | |
No pre-pregnancy weight recorded | | | | 1.07 | 0.57 to 2.02 | |