Table 4

School attainment for children exposed to GM-CSF compared with control children in PROGRAMS trial groups at 5 years of age

GM-CSF (n=73)Control (n=70)Risk ratio (95% CI)
Special educational needs
 Academic29/69 (42%)24/65 (37%)1.1 (0.7 to 1.7)
 Behavioural16/71 (23%)11/61 (18%)1.3 (0.6 to 2.5)
 Statement (yes/no)*12/72 (17%)9/68 (13%)1.3 (0.6 to 2.8)
On register (England only)†26/67 (39%)22/66 (33%)1.2 (0.7 to 1.8)
 Stage 112
 Stage 221
 Stage 312
 Stage 4/563
Special needs support (yes/no)31 (41%)24/69 (35%)1.2 (0.8 to 1.9)
 Individual special needs plan2321
 One-to-one provision156
 Small group provision2018
 Outreach teachers53
 Educational psychologist84
 Clinical psychologist11
 Physiotherapist25
 Speech/language therapist1214
Requires additional support (yes/no)‡19/71 (27%)21 (30%)0.9 (0.5 to 1.5)
 Individual special needs plan710
 One-to-one provision810
 Small group provision610
 Outreach teachers12
 Educational psychologist05
 Clinical psychologist01
 Physiotherapist21
Speech/language therapist49
Key stage attainmentMedian grade (IQR)Difference in medians (95% CI)
English
 Speaking and listening3 (3, 4)3 (3, 4)0 (0 to 1)
 Reading3 (3, 4)3 (3, 4)0 (0 to 0)
 Writing4 (3, 5)3 (3, 4)0 (0 to 1)
 Spelling3 (3, 5)3 (3, 4)0 (0 to 1)
Maths
 Using and applying3 (3, 4)3 (3, 4)0 (0 to 0)
 Numbers and algebra3 (3, 4)3 (3, 4)0 (0 to 1)
 Shape, space and measures3 (3, 4)3 (3, 4)0 (0 to 0)

  • *Formal binding statutory educational statement of needs.

  • †Indicates progress through the statement process.

  • ‡Teacher assessed need for support not provided.

  • GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor.