Studies of neonatal sepsis in developing countries
| Country | Type of study | Duration of study (months) | Total No of positive blood cultures | Early onset | Late onset | Most common isolates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EOS % | Mortality % | LOS % | Mortality % | |||||
| Percentage of cases by age of onset and most common isolates. If not otherwise stated, early onset (EOS) is defined as first 48 hours, and late onset (LOS) as more than 48 hours. | ||||||||
| *The data in the table refer to the blood culture results of the newborn (0–1 months old) of the four studies. In The Gambia the most common pathogen was Staph aureus, in Papua New Guinea S pyogenes, in the Philippines Salmonella, and in Ethiopia S pyogenes and E coli. | ||||||||
| GBS, Group B streptococcus. All the data refer to blood cultures only. EOS %, EOS/all positive blood cultures × 100; LOS %, LOS/all positive blood cultures × 100. Mortality %, EOS/all positive blood cultures × 100 and LOS/all positive blood cultures × 100; n/a, not available. | ||||||||
| Malaysia13 | Prospective surveillance | 9 (1991) | 136 | 26 (35/136) | 12 | 74(20/69) | 18 | Acinetobacter, Klebsiella |
| Kenya12 | Prospective and retrospective survey | 6 (1997–8) | 121 | 30 (21/69) (72 h) | 4 | 30 (>72 h) | 10 | Klebsiella, Citrobacter |
| Nigeria39 | Prospective surveillance | 11 (1994–5) | 62 | 47 | 8 | 53 | 5 | Staph aureus, Pseudomonas |
| India25 | Prospective Surveillance | 6 (1997) | 96 | 50 | 9 | 50 | 4 | Staph aureus, Klebsiella |
| Panama9 | Surveillance, retrospective | 216 (1975–92) | 577 | 47 (<5 days) | 44 | 53 (>5 days) | 22 | Klebsiella, Staph aureus |
| India17 | Surveillance | 15 (1996–7) | 157 | 86 (6 days) | 49 | 14 (>6 days) | 68 | Klebsiella, Pseudomonas |
| Saudi Arabia40 | Case control study | 60 (1983–8) | 61 | 39 | 21 | 61 | 24 | Staphylococci, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia |
| India36 | Prospective surveillance | 24 (1995–6) | 131 | 23 | 4 | 77 | 10 | Klebsiella, Enterobacter fecalis |
| The Gambia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Ethiopia*41 | Multicentre study (4 prospective surveillance studies) | Each study conducted over 24 months (1990–1993) | 167 (84 in the neonatal period) | 30% (7 days) | n/a | 70% | n/a | Staph aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, E coli |