Mean (SD) values for physiological and behavioural outcome measures
| Variable | Placebo | S25 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | |
| For physiological criteria (HR, heart rate; Sao2, oxygen saturation) and crying times (DFC, duration of first cry; TDC, total duration of crying), phase 1 = pre-procedure phase, phase 2 = procedure phase, and phase 3 = post-procedure phase. For NFCS (neonatal facial action coding system), phase 1 = 30 seconds before hand holding, phase 2 = hand holding to needle insertion, and phase 3 = 30 seconds from needle insertion. AA and DF refer to individual authors. S25,25% sucrose solution; placebo, water. | ||||||
| HR (beats/min) | 156.9 (11.7) | 168.6 (12.8) | 158.4 (13.0) | 159.1 (12.8) | 163.2 (14.4) | 156.4 (14.1) |
| Sao2 (%) | 96.8 (1.9) | 95.5 (2.7) | 97.1 (1.8) | 97.2 (2.1) | 96.5 (2.2) | 96.5 (2.4) |
| NFCS (DF) | 0.26 (0.59) | 1.85 (2.31) | 5.92 (2.45) | 0.13 (0.41) | 0.64 (1.25) | 3.41 (2.69) |
| NFCS (AA) | 0.18 (0.60) | 1.46 (2.06) | 5.85 (2.25) | 0.03 (0.16) | 0.54 (1.14) | 3.08 (2.67) |
| DFC (s) | 52.3 (56.2) | 18.6 (24.4) | ||||
| TDC (s) | 72.5 (66.7) | 31.9 (41.9) | ||||