Results of multiple regressions arising sequentially using weight, head circumference, height, and body mass index standard deviation scores at 30 months of corrected postnatal age as dependent variables
| Weight | Before pregnancy | During pregnancy | At birth | On first day | During hospital stay | All factors | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Significant variables adjusted for: | 1 | 1,2,3 | 1,2,3,4 | 1,2,3,4,5 | 1,2,4,5,6,7 | 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 | |
| 1. | Ethnic group – white | −0.57 (−0.94 to −0.19)** | −0.55 (−0.91 to −0.18)** | −0.55 (−0.91 to −0.19)** | −0.49 (−0.85 to −0.13)** | −0.53 (−0.89 to −0.17)** | −0.72 (−1.12 to −0.33)*** |
| 2. | Antepartum haemorrhage | −0.57 (−0.94 to −0.21)** | −0.55 (−0.89 to −0.191)** | −0.57 (−0.92 to −0.22)*** | −0.45 (−0.81 to −0.09)* | −0.21 | |
| 3. | Cervical suture | 0.58 (0.05 to 1.12)* | 0.55 (0.04 to 1.07)* | 0.52 (0.01 to 1.04)* | 0.37 | 0.43 | |
| 4. | Birthweight SD score† (per SD) | 0.34 (0.18 to 0.50)*** | 0.36 (0.20 to 0.52)*** | 0.33 (0.17 to 0.49)*** | 0.28 (0.10 to 0.45)** | ||
| 5. | Scores of 3 or 4 on first chest radiograph‡ | −0.38 (−0.70 to −0.05)* | −0.38 (−0.71 to −0.05)* | −0.38 (−0.72 to −0.05)* | |||
| 6. | Definite or probable diagnosis of necrotising enterocolitis | −0.79 (−1.58 to 0.01)* | −0.74 (−1.46 to 0.02)* | ||||
| 7. | Long course of systemic steroids for chronic lung disease (> 8 weeks)¶ | −0.74 (−1.37 to −0.10)* | −0.69 (−1.35 to −0.03)* | ||||
| 8. | Postmenstrual age at discharge (per week) | −0.04 (−0.08 to −0.01)* | |||||
| 9. | Feeding problems at 30 months | −0.50 (−0.83 to −0.17)** | |||||
| Head circumference | Before pregnancy | During pregnancy | At birth | On first day | During hospital stay | All factors | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Significant variables adjusted for: | 1 | ¥ | 1,2,3 | ¥ | 1–6 | 1–8 | |
| 1. | Ethnic group – Asian | −1.01 (−1.71 to −0.32)** | −0.95 (−1.62 to −0.27)** | −0.94 (−1.60 to −0.28)** | −0.78 (−1.40 to −0.16)* | ||
| 2. | Birthweight SD score (per SD) | 0.33 (0.17 to 0.50)*** | 0.32 (0.16 to 0.48)*** | 0.29 (0.14 to 0.45)*** | |||
| 3. | Gestational age | 0.32 (0.10 to 0.54)** | 0.29 (0.06 to 0.51)* | 0.28 (0.07 to 0.49)** | |||
| 4. | Definite or probable diagnosis of necrotising enterocolitis | −1.17 (−1.96 to −0.39)** | −1.13 (−1.87 to −0.39)** | ||||
| 5. | Any systemic steroids for chronic lung disease¶ | 0.23 (−0.20 to 0.66) | 0.20 (−0.21 to 0.61) | ||||
| 6. | Systemic steroids for chronic lung disease (per week)¶ | −0.10 (−0.17 to −0.04)** | −0.07 (−0.13 to 0.00)* | ||||
| 7. | Feeding problems at 30 months age | −0.48 (−0.80 to −0.16)** | |||||
| 8. | Severe neuromotor delay at 30 months | −1.15 (−1.64 to −0.66)*** | |||||
| Height | Before pregnancy | During pregnancy | At birth | On first day | During hospital stay | All factors | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Significant variables adjusted for: | 1,2 | ¥ | 1–3 | 1–4 | 1–7 | 1–7 (¥) | |
| 1. | Ethnic group – white | −0.46 (−0.81 to −0.11)** | −0.45 (−0.79 to −0.10)* | −0.34 (−0.68 to −0.001)* | −0.36 (−0.70 to −0.02)* | −0.36 (−0.70 to −0.02)* | |
| 2. | Ethnic group – black; multiple birth | 1.04 (0.27 to 1.81)** | 1.13 (0.39 to 1.88)** | 1.17 (0.44 to 1.90)** | 1.27 (0.54 to 2.0)*** | 1.27 (0.54 to 2.0)*** | |
| 3. | Birthweight SD score (per SD) | 0.31 (0.17 to 0.45)*** | 0.33 (0.20 to 0.47)*** | 0.32 (0.19 to 0.46)*** | 0.32 (0.19 to 0.46)*** | ||
| 4. | Chest radiograph appearances | −0.48 (−0.77 to −0.19)*** | −0.44 (−0.73 to −0.15)** | −0.44 (−0.73 to −0.15)** | |||
| 5. | Definite or probable diagnosis of necrotising enterocolitis | −0.68 (−1.32 to −0.05)* | −0.68 (−1.32 to −0.05)* | ||||
| 6. | Last cerebral USS in hospital (per category)¶ | −0.15 (−0.27 to −0.03)* | −0.15 (−0.27 to −0.03)* | ||||
| 7. | > 8 weeks systemic steroids for chronic lung disease¶ | −0.79 (−1.32 to −0.05) | −0.79 (−1.32 to −0.05) | ||||
| Body mass index | Before pregnancy | During pregnancy | At birth | On first day | During hospital stay | All factors | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Significant variables adjusted for: | ¥ | ¥ | ¥ | ¥ | 1 | 1&2 | |
| Results are expressed as effect size (95% confidence interval) in SD units and significances indicated thus: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. Significant variables from multivariate analyses are listed for each parameter and the variables entered into the equation by the numbers at the head of each column. Columns where no significant variables or no significant improvement in the model was found are indicated thus: ¥. | |||||||
| †Birthweight SD score calculated from whole EPICure population of babies who were admitted for neonatal care. | |||||||
| ‡Chest radiographs scored in four categories (clear, respiratory distress syndrome pattern with heart border seen, respiratory distress syndrome pattern with most of heart border obscured, “white out” with no heart shadow visible); the first two and the last two were grouped together for analysis. | |||||||
| §Ultrasound scan reports graded in five categories (no abnormality, IVH without ventriculomegaly, ventriculomegaly alone, unilateral parenchymal lesions (with or without ventriculomegaly), bilateral parenchymal cystic change). | |||||||
| ¶See text. | |||||||
| 1. | Antepartum haemorrhage | −0.56 (−0.96 to −0.16)** | −0.52 (−0.91 to −0.13)** | ||||
| 2. | Feeding difficulties at 30 months | −0.54 (−0.88 to −0.20)** | |||||