VSD (ventricular septal defect) | Small ones may be missed if one scans too soon after delivery. Interrogation with colour and pulsed Doppler essential |
ASD (atrial septal defect) | Subcostal four chamber view is best. Some may be just large patent foramen ovale. Measurements of size and T-artifactisation14 will help to differentiate. |
AVSD (atrioventicular septal defect) | Look for the normal offsetting of the inlet valves; the tricuspid valve is usually set more apically than the mitral valve. |
Fallot's tetralogy | One of these cases was missed in the earlier days and was transferred as a large VSD. |
TGA (transposition of the great arteries) | |
Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum | |
Interrupted aortic arch | Four limb oxygen saturations and blood pressures essential |
Coarctation of the aorta | As above |
Mild to moderate pulmonary stenosis | Colour and pulsed Doppler are useful. The former to detect and the latter to confirm. |
Peripheral pulmonary stenosis with Noonan's syndrome | As above |
Supra-aortic stenosis with William's syndrome | |
TAPVD (total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage) | One case was misdiagnosed as another cyanotic lesion because I was in a hurry. Give yourself time. |
Transient peripheral pulmonary stenosis | Usually postductal closure and often misdiagnosed as a “winking duct”.6 This is a physiological phenomenon. |
Atrial flutter | Very impressive echo pictures. Atria look as if they are being oscillated. |