Differential diagnosis of increased nucleated red bloods cells in the fetus and newborn
| I. Physiological |
| Labour and vaginal births |
| Preterm newborns |
| Post-term newborns |
| II. Increased erythropoiesis |
| Chronic hypoxia |
| Growth restriction |
| Maternal pre-eclampsia |
| Maternal smoking |
| Anaemia |
| Blood loss |
| Haemolysis—ABO or Rh isoimmunization, other |
| Maternal diabetes |
| Other |
| Leukaemia |
| Down's syndrome |
| TORCH infections |
| III. Acute stress release |
| Acute hypoxia |
| Subacute hypoxia |
| Chorioamnionitis |
| IV. Postnatal hypoxia |
| Cyanotic heart disease |
| Pulmonary failure |
| V. Idiopathic |
TORCH, Toxoplasma, other viruses, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes.