Maternal and neonatal plasma β-carotene and vitamin A levels
| Non-smoking group | Smoking group | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delivery | Day 4 | MD (95% CI) | p Value | Delivery | Day 4 | MD (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Plasma levels in μmol/l. Mean (SEM) values, mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals, and p values are shown. | ||||||||
| β-Carotene | ||||||||
| Mother | 0.49 (0.06) | 0.38 (0.06) | 0.11 (−0.06 to 0.25) | 0.223 | 0.33 (0.04) | 0.31 (0.03) | 0.02 (−0.07 to 0.05) | 1.0 |
| Infant | 0.09 (0.005) | 0.11 (0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.01) | 0.50 | 0.09 (0.001) | 0.09 (0.004) | 0 | 0.75 |
| MD | 0.3 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.22 | ||||
| 95% CI | 0.14 to 0.29 | 0.14 to 0.27 | ||||||
| p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Vitamin A | ||||||||
| Mother | 0.97 (0.11) | 2.08 (0.16) | −1.11 (−1.59 to −0.62) | <0.001 | 1.01 (0.09) | 1.82 (0.11) | −0.81 (−1.08 to −0.57) | <0.001 |
| Infant | 0.67 (0.05) | 0.72 (0.05) | −0.05 (−0.22 to 0.08) | 0.346 | 0.81 (0.06) | 0.65 (0.11) | 0.16 (−0.13 to 0.39) | 0.29 |
| MD | 0.30 | 1.36 | 0.2 | 1.17 | ||||
| 95% CI | 0.03 to 0.61 | 1.03 to 1.69 | −0.03 to 0.37 | 0.82 to 1.53 | ||||
| p Value | 0.038 | <0.001 | 0.04 | <0.001 | ||||