Numbers and odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of minor neurological impairments among 727 children at 8–13 years of age related to Apgar scores five minutes after birth and symptoms that may indicate neonatal encephalopathy* (SNE)
| Apgar 0–3 | Apgar 4–6 | Apgar 7–10 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| + SNE (total=77) | − SNE (total=78) | + SNE (total=122) | − SNE (total=152) | + SNE (total=40) | − SNE (total=258) | |||||||
| *Symptoms that may indicate neonatal encephalopathy were defined as seizures, feeding difficulties, and/or ventilator treatment in the first week of life. Their distribution related to Apgar scores are specified in table 1; †defined as having motor impairments requiring follow up by doctors without being diagnosed as having cerebral palsy or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), p=0.004; ‡none in the cell; §p=0.03; ¶p=0.04; **p=0.03; ††Defined as febrile seizure without simultaneously reporting epilepsy, p=0.11; ‡‡p=0.25; §§p=0.41; ¶¶p=0.008; ***p=0.76. Only two children used hearing aid. | ||||||||||||
| Minor motor impairments† | 7 | 12.8 (2.6 to 63.2) | 1 | 1.7 (0.1 to 18.7) | 5 | 5.5 (1.0 to 28.7) | 2 | 1.7 (0.2 to 12.3) | 0 | –‡ | 2 | 1.0 (ref) |
| Developing skills later than usual§ | 13 | 3.3 (1.5 to 7.3) | 2 | 0.4 (0.1 to 1.9) | 10 | 1.5 (0.6 to 3.3) | 9 | 1.0 (0.4 to 2.4) | 3 | 1.3 (0.4 to 4.8) | 15 | 1.0 (ref) |
| ADHD related diagnoses¶ | 4 | 14.1 (1.5 to 128) | 0 | –‡ | 4 | 8.7 (1.0 to 79.1) | 3 | 5.2 (0.5 to 50.4) | 1 | 6.6 (0.4 to 108) | 1 | 1.0 (ref) |
| Epilepsy** | 4 | 7.0 (1.3 to 39.2) | 0 | –‡ | 0 | –‡ | 1 | 0.8 (0.1 to 9.5) | 0 | –‡ | 2 | 1.0 (ref) |
| Febrile seizures†† | 6 | 3.0 (1.0 to 9.3) | 5 | 2.5 (0.8 to 8.0) | 5 | 1.5 (0.5 to 4.9) | 13 | 3.4 (1.3 to 8.6) | 1 | 0.9 (0.1 to 7.7) | 7 | 1.0 (ref) |
| Visual impairments‡‡ | 10 | 2.1 (0.9 to 4.8) | 9 | 1.9 (0.8 to 4.3) | 11 | 1.4 (0.6 to 3.1) | 20 | 2.2 (1.1 to 4.3) | 5 | 2.0 (0.7 to 5.9) | 17 | 1.0 (ref) |
| Strabismus§§ | 10 | 2.6 (1.1 to 6.1) | 6 | 1.5 (0.5 to 3.9) | 8 | 1.2 (0.5 to 3.0) | 12 | 1.5 (0.7 to 3.3) | 2 | 0.9 (0.2 to 4.2) | 14 | 1.0 (ref) |
| Use of glasses¶¶ | 16 | 2.8 (1.4 to 5.7) | 13 | 2.2 (1.0 to 4.5) | 17 | 1.7 (0.9 to 3.4) | 31 | 2.8 (1.5 to 5.0) | 8 | 2.7 (1.1 to 6.5) | 22 | 1.0 (ref) |
| Hearing impairments*** | 6 | 1.6 (0.6 to 4.4) | 4 | 1.0 (0.3 to 3.2) | 10 | 1.7 (0.7 to 4.0) | 7 | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.3) | 3 | 1.5 (0.4 to 5.6) | 13 | 1.0 (ref) |