Effects of gender and risk factors
| Risk factor | No in defects group | No in control group | p Value | Odds Ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking | 41/173 (23.7%) | 39/139 (28.1%) | 0.381 | 0.8 (0.48–1.33) |
| Alcohol | 18/173 (10.4%) | 20/139 (14.4%) | 0.285 | 0.69 (0.35–1.36) |
| Low parity | 76/173 (43.9%) | 58/142 (40.8%) | 0.501 | 1.13 (0.72–1.78) |
| Miscarriage | 34/173 (19.7%) | 23/142 (16.2%) | 0.420 | 1.27 (0.71–2.27) |
| Female | 84/173 (48.6%) | 60/142 (42.3%) | 0.002 | 2.06 (1.31–3.23) |