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- Yoginder SinghPublished on: 22 March 2016
- George M. Morley, MB ChB FACOGPublished on: 22 March 2016
- Published on: 22 March 2016Blood transfusion in preterm babies
- Yoginder Singh, Paediatric Speciality Registrar
Show MoreDear editor,
I read this article by Bell with keen interest where author has discussed about the need of blood transfusion in preterm babies. He has suggested very practical and useful steps to minimise the number of the blood transfusions in the preterm babies. The threshold for the blood transfusion in preterm babies varies from centre to centre, within the United Kingdom.
In one of my retrospective...
Show LessDear editor,
I read this article by Bell with keen interest where author has discussed about the need of blood transfusion in preterm babies. He has suggested very practical and useful steps to minimise the number of the blood transfusions in the preterm babies. The threshold for the blood transfusion in preterm babies varies from centre to centre, within the United Kingdom.
In one of my retrospective analysis study done in a regional tertiary neonatal intensive care unit at St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester had shown that all (100% cases) the preterm babies requiring oxygen were transfused when the haemoglobin level fell down < 12gm/dl. All these babies were requiring respiratory support as well. Two of the well thriving babies well transfused when haemoglobin level fell down < 8gm/dl.
While working in another regional tertiary neonatal intensive care unit, Jessop Wing in Sheffield, we transfused all the extremely sick preterm babies (with refractory hypotension, PPHN or requiring 100% oxygen) when their haemoglobin level fell down < 13 gm/dl. We transfused the babies if haemoglobin fell down < 12gm/dl and either they required respiratory support or oxygen requirement was > 40% in the first week of life. All oxygen dependent babies in the first week or respiratory support with oxygen after first week get blood transfusion if haemoglobin level fall < 11gm/dl. A well growing baby will get blood transfusion if the haemoglobin level will fall < 7gm/dl.
A recent retrospective audit on the blood testing from unit clearly showed that we do repeat blood tests far often than needed for these extremely sick and fragile babies. Blood loss by the phlebotomy is one of the most important reasons for a blood transfusion in small preterm babies. Care providers for these preterm babies should make their local guideline to minimise the blood loss by phlebotomy. Judicious individual care plan should be made before ordering the blood tests.
Other methods as suggested by Bell like delayed cord clamping, adequate nutrition by introducing total parenteral nutrition at an early stage and further investigating importance of erythropoietin in preterm babies can help in minimising the blood transfusion in the preterm babies. We should stick to the single – donor transfusion programmes to minimise the complications. In my experience we have been trying to transfuse the preterm babies from the single donor whenever possible by using small neonatal blood transfusion packs as suggested by Bell.
Sincerely yours,
Conflict of Interest:
None declared. - Published on: 22 March 2016Transfuse at birth with placental transfusion
- George M. Morley, MB ChB FACOG, Retired Obstetrician Gynecologist
Show MoreWhen to transfuse preterm babies
The SUMMARY begins by stating the false premises on which the article is based: “The physiological anemia experienced by preterm babies is exacerbated by the common practices such as early cord clamping … The need for subsequent transfusion with red blood cells can be reduced by delaying cord clamping … in infants who do not require immediate resuscitation.”
The cord clam...
Show LessWhen to transfuse preterm babies
The SUMMARY begins by stating the false premises on which the article is based: “The physiological anemia experienced by preterm babies is exacerbated by the common practices such as early cord clamping … The need for subsequent transfusion with red blood cells can be reduced by delaying cord clamping … in infants who do not require immediate resuscitation.”
The cord clamp is not a part of human anatomy or human physiology. The logical conclusion deduced from the above statements is that early clamping produces more anemia than late clamping; physiology is ignored. Man is the only mammal that disrupts umbilical cord physiology with a cord clamp; all mammals, including humans, close the umbilical cord physiologically; the resultant physiological neonatal blood volume contains blood that is moved from the placenta to the newborn after birth. Blood counts following physiological cord closure are physiological. The anemia of the author’s preterm babies is IATROGENIC and pathological; the term “physiological anemia” is an oxymoron.
The statement “in infants that do not require immediate resuscitation” implies that infants that DO require immediate resuscitation MUST have immediate cord clamping (ICC) and must begin their lives hypovolemic and anemic. The author does not elucidate the criteria required for immediate resuscitation; however, the standard of care for premature birth is ICC and removal to a resuscitation table. Thus preemies are routinely compromised with hypovolemia and anemia produced by ICC – NOT by physiology.
If the child is born with a pulsating cord, the placenta is supplying the heart with oxygen. Whatever else may appear to be “at risk” for the newborn requiring “immediate” resuscitation, could the author please explain the resuscitation rationale for amputating the child’s existing oxygen supply together with a major portion of its blood volume? Whatever resuscitative measures are used immediately on the “at risk” newborn, there is good reason to keep the placental circulation (oxygenation) functioning and the blood volume intact during any resuscitation process. [1]
The rest of the summary pertains to indications for iatrogenic transfusion – liberal or constrictive guidelines – but the main indication for transfusion remains “anemia.” The transfusion consists of red blood cells. The author acknowledges that small preterm babies are anemic from loss of blood VOLUME at birth. They are not anemic at the time of blood loss; anemia is diagnosed from hemoglobin and /or hematocrit readings that become pertinent many days AFTER the causative injury – that remains undiagnosed and untreated. No evidence is presented that anemia per se is pathogenic, or that correction with red cells is beneficial.
“Should I transfuse this baby today, or would it be better to wait? This question has perplexed neonatologists for decades!” It has perplexed perinatologists for decades! They all have been indoctrinated with the false concept of a cord-clamped neonate having a physiological / normal blood volume. The ICC neonate (preemie or otherwise) is routinely HYPOVOLEMIC, and routinely becomes anemic depending on the amount of blood volume clamped in the placenta. With loss of blood volume, various organs become ISCHEMIC, and ischemic lesions (infarcts) may develop.
Ischemic encephalopathy results in infarction of the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex. In the preemie, cerebral ischemia results in hemorrhagic infarction of the germinal matrix – with intra-ventricular hemorrhage, (IVH). Necrotizing entero-colitis (bowel infarction) occurs in these ICC babies. They develop “hypovolemic shock lung” – hyaline membrane disease – pulmonary infarction. [2] All the above pathologies have nothing to do with anemia, oxygenation or the capacity of blood to carry oxygen; they are all caused by INADEQUATE BLOOD FLOW through the tissues. With copious blood flow, tissues can survive on anaerobic respiration.
“Should I transfuse this baby today, or would it be better to wait?” The correct answer is, “IT DOESN’T MATTER EITHER WAY!” By the time the child corrects its blood volume with plasma to the point of anemia, the ischemic infarcts are permanent damage. The correct QUESTION AT BIRTH is: “Should I clamp the cord now, or would it be better to wait until after physiological placental transfusion is complete?”
During physiological birth, (without a cord clamp) the placental life support functions are transferred to the newborn in the form of a massive blood transfusion totaling from 30% to 50% of the child’s final blood volume. [3,4] This additional blood volume is used to initiate the pulmonary circulation, to convert the fetal circulation to the adult circulation, and to establish active function in the gut, kidneys, skeletal muscles, (diaphragm) CNS and all other life support systems needed for atmospheric existence.
Gravity, maternal intra-abdominal pressure and / or uterine compression of the placenta generate this “placental transfusion,” and they can force 75 ccs of blood into the newborn within 20 to 30 seconds. [3, 4] The timing of this transfusion can occur immediately after birth [4] or it may take more than ten minutes to occur. [3] The transfusion is regulated and terminated reflexively by the newborn.
The uterine arteries / arterioles close in response to high oxygen tension that releases prostaglandin from their vessel walls. [5] Placental oxygenation / respiration are thus maintained until pulmonary respiration is well established. The uterine vein (in the abdomen) is closed by sphincters controlled by pressor receptors in the atria in response to high central venous pressure.[3]
After physiological cord closure, the term child has obtained a maximal, optimal, physiological blood volume, and has received enough iron to prevent anemia for the first year of life. [6, 7] This is also true for babies born at 34 to 36 weeks. [8] The marsupial mammals routinely deliver at a very early gestational age, equivalent to 14 weeks of human gestation. The kangaroo “Joey” is almost post-embryonic; it clamps its own cord and claws its way into a pouch (incubator) and swallows a long nipple into its stomach (feeding tube.) The immature kangaroo Joey’s lungs are mature and function perfectly; development proceeds without pathology and without a cord clamp. There is no evidence to contradict that a human preemie could survive similarly.
“Should I transfuse this 26 weeks gestation baby today, or would it be better to wait?” “Should I clamp this 26 week pulsating cord now, or would it be better to wait until after physiological placental transfusion has provided enough blood volume to initiate function in all the child’s life support systems, to prevent ischemic infarctions, to prevent anemia and obviate any need for red cell transfusion later?”
This particular baby (26 weeks gestation) has delivered normally. It is not yet breathing, and the cord is pulsating vigorously at 130 bpm. The color is purple pink, tone is normal, reflexes are normal. It is in a warm blanket and a rectal thermometer records 36.5 deg. C. The child is very healthy on placental life support – as it was in utero.
As the uterus contracts around the placenta, blood is forced into the child, through the heart and into the pulmonary vessels; this produces the “Jaykka effect” – erection and aeration of the alveoli. [9] [10, 11, 12] Blood flow (high colloid osmotic pressure [COP]) around alveoli absorbs amniotic fluid (low COP) from the alveoli and the lungs are dried out. Left ventricular blood becomes oxygenated and breathing / crying reflexes are stimulated. [9] Placental transfusion has initiated pulmonary function.
Oxygenated blood in the umbilical arteries closes them with release of prostaglandin; further uterine contractions force more blood into the child who responds to high central venous pressure by closing the umbilical vein with “pressure valve” sphincters until the placenta is delivered and an optimal blood volume achieved. [3] After full placental transfusion, some hemo-concentration usually occurs with increased blood pressure forcing fluid into the extra-cellular space; hemoglobin and hematocrit readings RISE as does albumin concentration, (COP) further drying out the preemie’s lungs.
The child, cord and placenta can then be placed in an incubator for temperature support.
In Kinmond’s study, [9] MANY of the preemies delivered with delayed cord clamping (30 seconds delay with GRAVITY PRESSURED placental transfusion) WERE CRYING WHEN THE CORD WAS CLAMPED (Jaykka effect); [10] this was less likely in the ICC group (no Jaykka effect). When a preemie is crying, is immediate resuscitation needed? When a preemie is NOT breathing soon after birth, the rational resuscitation procedure is to have the mother PUSH; maternal intra-abdominal pressure will achieve placental transfusion and the Jaykka effect will initiate respiration - physiologically.
A cord pulsating at >100 bpm indicates normal newborn oxygenation and full placental life support; it contradicts iatrogenic interference with the cord and the ongoing physiological transition to establish the newborn’s life support systems.
The rational management of all preterm births thus becomes NON- INTERFERENCE in the physiological closure of the umbilical cord after birth. Airway clearance and open placental circulation should be ensured. The cord clamp should not be used. The child, cord and placenta should arrive intact in the NICU.
References: 1. Peltonen T. Placental Transfusion, Advantage - Disadvantage. Eur J Pediatr. 1981;137:141-146 2. Landau DB. Hyaline membrane formation in the newborn: hematogenic shock as a possible etiological factor. Missouri Med1953; 50: 183.
3. Gunther M. The transfer of blood between the baby and the placenta in the minutes after birth. Lancet 1957;I:1277-1280.
4. Diaz Rossello JL. Cord clamping for Stem Cell Donation: Medical Facts and Ethics. Neoreviews 2006;7;e557-e563. DOI: 10.1542/neo.7-11-e557
5. McGrath JC, McClennan SJ. Contraction of umbilical artery, but nor vein, by oxygen. J. Physiology 1986;380;513-519
6. Wilson, Windle, Howard. Deprivation of Placental Blood as a Cause of Iron Deficiency in Infants. Amer. Jour. Child. Diseases 1941
7. Chaparro CM, Neufield NM, Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping on iron status in Mexican infants. Lancet 2006 June 17; 367(9527) 1997-2004
8. Ultee J, Swart K, Delayed Cord Clamping in Preterm Infants delivered at 34 to 36 weeks gestation. Arch. Dis. Child. Online Feb 2007. Heart 2008.
9. Kinmond S et al. Umbilical Cord Clamping and Preterm Infants: a Randomized Trial. BMJ 1993; 306: 172-175
10. Jaykka S. Capillary Erection and Lung Expansion. Acta Paediatr. 1965 [nppl] 109.
11. Jaykka S. An experimental study of the effect of liquid pressure applied to the capillary network of excised fetal lungs, Acta Paediatr. 1957; Supp 112:2-91.
12. Avery ME et al. The inflationary pulmonary force produced by pulmonary vascular distension in excised lungs. The possible relation of this force to that needed to inflate the lungs at birth. J. Clin. Invest. 1959; 38: 456-460
G. M. Morley, MD
obgmmorley@aol.com
www.birth-brain-injury.org www.autism-end-it-now.org www.cordclamp.com
Conflict of Interest:
None declared.